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Opinion

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An opinion is a judgment, viewpoint, or statement that is not conclusive. It differs fundamentally from a fact, which is a true statement. Facts are verifiable, meaning they can be agreed upon through a consensus of experts. For example, saying the United States was involved in the Vietnam War is a fact. However, saying the United States was right to be involved is an opinion. Opinions often deal with subjective matters where no final conclusion exists. They may also involve disputing facts through the idea that one is entitled to their own view.

SF Chinatown soapboxing p1060705
SF Chinatown soapboxing p1060705

When an opinion is supported by facts and principles, it becomes an argument. Different people can look at the exact same set of facts and reach opposing conclusions. Because of this, opinions rarely change unless new arguments are presented to the person. You can determine if one opinion is better supported than another by analyzing its arguments. In casual settings, an opinion often results from a person's unique perspective, feelings, or desires. However, some opinions meet higher standards of proof. These are known as collective or professional opinions.

Public opinion is the aggregate of individual attitudes held by a large population. This could include the people living in a specific city, state, or entire country. A similar concept is consumer opinion, which is used in marketing research. It collects the views of users regarding a specific product or service. Since it is often impossible or too expensive to ask every single person, researchers use survey sampling. This method uses a representative sample to estimate the views of the whole group.

SF Chinatown soapboxing p1060705
SF Chinatown soapboxing p1060705

In social sciences like psychology or political science, researchers study group opinion. This refers to the views collected from a specific collective, such as a jury or a legislature. Scientists in these fields often look at social choice, conformity, and group polarization. There is also scientific opinion, which is expressed by scientists in scholarly journals or textbooks. These publications undergo peer-review and professional editing to ensure quality. This is different from scientific consensus, which is the prevailing view held by the scientific community.

SF Chinatown soapboxing p1060705
SF Chinatown soapboxing p1060705

Scientific opinions can be partial, uncertain, or even conflicting. In some cases, there may be no accepted consensus for a specific situation. Sometimes, a single scientific opinion might even disagree with the scientific consensus. To help people navigate these complex ideas, educators focus on scientific literacy. This goal provides the public with tools to understand scientific opinions. Understanding these distinctions helps people differentiate between established consensus and ongoing scientific debate.

In the legal field, professionals provide specialized types of opinions. A legal opinion is a professional judgment given by an attorney to a client. These are often written in formal letters regarding business transactions. A legal opinion can be described as "clean" or "reasoned." It is important to note that a legal opinion is not a guarantee of a court's result. If an attorney provides a mistaken or incomplete opinion, they may face a professional malpractice claim. In such cases, they might have to pay damages to the person who relied on the faulty advice.

SF Chinatown soapboxing p1060705
SF Chinatown soapboxing p1060705

Judges also provide opinions, which are known as judicial opinions. These accompany and explain a court's order or ruling in a controversy. A judicial opinion lays out the facts the court recognized as established. It also explains the legal principles the court must follow and how they apply to the facts. The main goal is to demonstrate the rationale used to reach a decision.

SF Chinatown soapboxing p1060705
SF Chinatown soapboxing p1060705

Finally, the European Union uses a specific type of "reasoned opinion" within its legal procedures. Under Article 258 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, the European Commission issues these opinions. This happens if they believe a Member State has not implemented a Directive or EU law. This formal request usually includes a two-month deadline for the state to take action. Member States can also issue reasoned opinions regarding proposed EU legislation. This occurs if they believe a proposal violates the principle of subsidiarity. Under the Treaty of Lisbon, Member States have 8 weeks to issue such an opinion after notification.

SF Chinatown soapboxing p1060705
SF Chinatown soapboxing p1060705
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