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Ophelia (painting)

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Ophelia is a famous oil painting created by the British artist John Everett Millais between 1851 and 1852.

John Everett Millais, 1852 - Elizabeth Siddal - Study for Ophelia
John Everett Millais, 1852 - Elizabeth Siddal - Study for Ophelia

The work depicts a tragic scene from William Shakespeare's play, Hamlet. It shows the character Ophelia, a Danish noblewoman, as she drowns in a river. In the play, Ophelia loses her sanity due to her grief. The painting captures her in a moment of singing while she floats in the water. Today, it is held in the Tate Britain collection in London. Many experts consider it one of the most important artworks of the mid-nineteenth century. It is highly valued, with estimates suggesting it is worth at least £30 million.

Millais followed the specific rules of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood (PRB) to create this work. The PRB was a group of artists who valued bright colors and extreme detail. They aimed for a faithful truth to nature in everything they painted. Millais used intense, bright colors in the landscape to make the pale figure of Ophelia stand out. He also focused on the intricate details of her dress and the contouring of her face. The painting is a perfect example of this style. It combines a vulnerable human subject with a highly detailed natural environment.

The creation of the painting happened in two distinct stages. First, Millais focused entirely on the natural landscape. He spent five months in 1851 painting the scenery outdoors. He worked on the banks of the Hogsmill River in Surrey, near Tolworth. He worked up to 11 hours a day, six days a week, to capture the scene accurately. Later, he painted the figure of Ophelia in his studio. This allowed him to control the lighting and the details of the person.

Working outdoors presented many difficult challenges for Millais. He had to deal with strong winds that threatened to blow him into the water. He also struggled with muscular flies that would probe his skin. When the weather turned windy and snowy in November 1851, he had to build a shelter. He constructed a small hut made of four hurdles, which are portable wooden panels. He covered the hut with straw to stay dry. Millais compared the experience of working in this hut to being like Robinson Crusoe.

Siddal-self-portrait
Siddal-self-portrait

The model for Ophelia was a 22-year-old artist and muse named Elizabeth Siddal. To paint her, Millais had her lie fully clothed in a bathtub in his London studio. Because it was winter, he used oil lamps to keep the water warm. However, the lamps went out while she was submerged. This caused Siddal to catch a very severe cold. Her father eventually demanded £50 from Millais to pay for her medical expenses. Millais eventually accepted a lower sum to settle the matter.

Photograph of John Everett Millais by Charles Dodgson
Photograph of John Everett Millais by Charles Dodgson

The plants and flowers in the painting are not just decorations. They were chosen to match Shakespeare's description and the Victorian "language of flowers." In this tradition, different flowers carry specific symbolic meanings. For example, Millais included a prominent red poppy. While Shakespeare does not mention poppies in this scene, they represent sleep and death. The painting also shows the patterns of growth and decay within a natural ecosystem. This attention to botanical detail makes the landscape feel very real.

When the painting was first shown at the Royal Academy in 1852, people had mixed reactions. Some critics were not happy with the setting. One critic in The Times felt that placing Ophelia in a "weedy ditch" took away the beauty of the scene. Even the famous critic John Ruskin had doubts. While he called the technique exquisite, he questioned the choice of a Surrey landscape. However, the painting's influence grew immensely over time. The surrealist artist Salvador Dalí was even "dazzled" by the Pre-Raphaelite style.

John Everett Millais, 1852 - Elizabeth Siddal - Study for Ophelia
John Everett Millais, 1852 - Elizabeth Siddal - Study for Ophelia

Today, the image of Ophelia appears frequently in many different types of media. It has been used in films, such as the 1948 movie Hamlet and the film Melancholia. It has also inspired music videos, including a video by Kylie Minogue. Even modern pop stars like Taylor Swift have referenced the painting. The work continues to connect literature, fine art, and popular culture through its powerful imagery.

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John Everett Millais, 1852 - Elizabeth...
File:Siddal-self-portrait.jpg
Siddal-self-portrait.jpg
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