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Olympia, Washington

geography Maturity 11-13 Next article →

Olympia is the capital city of the state of Washington in the United States.

View from ISS Expedition 71, Olympia, Washington, June 20, 2024 (ISS071-E-207257) (cropped)
View from ISS Expedition 71, Olympia, Washington, June 20, 2024 (ISS071-E-207257) (cropped)

It serves as the county seat for Thurston County. The city is located in the South Puget Sound region of western Washington. It sits southwest of Seattle and north of Portland, Oregon. Olympia is positioned at the southern end of Puget Sound on Budd Inlet. This is where the Deschutes River estuary enters the Sound.

Sailboats (moored) in Olympia, Washington - 20041212
Sailboats (moored) in Olympia, Washington - 20041212

The city borders the neighboring towns of Lacey and Tumwater.

The geography of the area was shaped by ancient glaciers. The site sits near the southern limit of the Fraser Glaciation. Much of the ground consists of Vashon-age till and outwash. These are sediments left behind by retreating ice. You can still see glacial features like drumlins and kettle lakes. Many parts of downtown Olympia sit on reclaimed land. In the early 1900s, workers dredged sediment to create a deep-water port.

Port of Olympia
Port of Olympia

This process, known as the Carlyon Fill, created about 30 blocks of downtown. The Deschutes River was dammed in 1951 to create Capitol Lake. However, the state government approved the removal of this dam in late 2022. This will eventually restore the natural estuary.

Before European and American settlers arrived, the land was home to Indigenous peoples. The Squaxin and other Coast Salish peoples lived in this region for thousands of years. Specifically, the Steh-Chass people inhabited the site for a very long time. Other tribes like the Nisqually, Puyallup, and Duwamish also visited the area. In the mid-1800s, new treaties changed everything for these groups. The Treaty of Medicine Creek was signed in 1854. This was followed by the Treaty of Olympia in 1856. These agreements forced the Squaxin to relocate to an Indian reservation. A Nisqually leader named Chief Leschi fought against this. His resistance sparked the Puget Sound War. Leschi was captured in 1856 and executed two years later.

The modern history of Olympia began with claims and new names. In 1846, Edmund Sylvester and Levi Lathrop Smith claimed the downtown area. In 1850, the town adopted its current name. Colonel Isaac N. Ebey suggested the name Olympia. He chose it because of the view of the Olympic Mountains to the northwest. Olympia was declared the capital of the Washington Territory in 1853. It was incorporated as a town on January 28, 1859. The community grew steadily due to immigrants on the Oregon Trail. It officially became a city in 1882.

Old State Capitol Building, Olympia, Washington, ca 1906 (BAR 267)
Old State Capitol Building, Olympia, Washington, ca 1906 (BAR 267)

It remains the only capital in Washington's history to serve both as a territory and a state.

The climate in Olympia is classified as a warm-summer Mediterranean climate. This means the city has dry summers and wet winters. Most weather systems come from the Aleutian Islands in Alaska. These systems bring cold, moist air that causes rain, clouds, and fog. The rainiest months are November through January.

Monthly Climate Normals (1991-2020) - Olympia Area, WA(ThreadEx)
Monthly Climate Normals (1991-2020) - Olympia Area, WA(ThreadEx)

The city averages 75% cloud cover throughout the year. Temperatures vary from a mean of 43°F in December to 66°F in August. The growing season lasts about 157 days. This is nearly 100 days shorter than the growing season in Seattle. The city also experiences occasional earthquakes, such as in 1949, 1965, and 2001.

A unique feature of the area is its artesian water. This is water that flows naturally from underground springs. Early settlers and Native Americans gathered at these springs to socialize. One important spring was at Fourth Avenue and Main Street. Today, groups like H2Olympia work to protect these natural wells. The city also invested $50,000 in 2011 to improve an artesian well in a parking lot. This site now features solar lighting and sea-themed mosaic artwork. McAllister Springs serves as the city's main water source through these artesian wells.

Olympia is also known for its vibrant culture and institutions. It is recognized as a countercultural hub in the Pacific Northwest. In the 1990s, the city's music scene became very famous. It played a major role in the rise of punk rock movements. These included genres like grunge and riot grrrl.

Nirvana around 1992 (cropped)
Nirvana around 1992 (cropped)

The city is home to The Evergreen State College. This is a public liberal arts college with a non-traditional curriculum. Additionally, the city has a high use of public transportation. Intercity Transit provides fare-free bus service to everyone in the area.

City Hall, Olympia, Washington, August 9, 2025 (cropped)
City Hall, Olympia, Washington, August 9, 2025 (cropped)
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🖼️ Images & Media (10)
File:Old State Capitol Building, Olympia, Washington, ca 1906 (BAR 267).jpeg
Old State Capitol Building, Olympia,...
File:View from ISS Expedition 71, Olympia, Washington, June 20, 2024 (ISS071-E-207257) (cropped).jpg
View from ISS Expedition 71, Olympia,...
File:Monthly Climate Normals (1991-2020) - Olympia Area, WA(ThreadEx).svg
Monthly Climate Normals (1991-2020) -...
File:City Hall, Olympia, Washington, August 9, 2025 (cropped).jpg
City Hall, Olympia, Washington, August 9,...
File:Nirvana around 1992 (cropped).jpg
Nirvana around 1992 (cropped).jpg
File:Oly WA Capitol Theater 06.jpg
Oly WA Capitol Theater 06.jpg
File:Sailboats (moored) in Olympia, Washington - 20041212.jpg
Sailboats (moored) in Olympia, Washington...
File:SPSCC in 2019.jpg
SPSCC in 2019.jpg
File:Port of Olympia.jpg
Port of Olympia.jpg
File:Olympaaug05 v2.jpg
Olympaaug05 v2.jpg
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