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Octagon

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An octagon is a polygon consisting of eight sides. In geometry, these shapes are classified as 8-gons. While any closed shape with eight straight sides is an octagon, mathematicians often focus on the regular octagon. A regular octagon is highly balanced. It features eight sides of equal length and eight internal angles of equal size. Each internal angle in a regular octagon measures exactly 135 degrees. The central angle, which is the angle formed at the center by two adjacent vertices, is 45 degrees.

Regular Octagon Inscribed in a Circle
Regular Octagon Inscribed in a Circle

Regular octagons possess significant mathematical symmetry. They have eight lines of reflective symmetry. They also exhibit rotational symmetry of order 8. This means the shape can be rotated eight times within a full circle and still look identical. Mathematicians use the Schläfli symbol {8} to represent a regular octagon. The total sum of all internal angles in any octagon is 1080 degrees. However, the sum of the external angles always totals 360 degrees, which is true for all polygons.

Regular octagon symmetries
Regular octagon symmetries

Calculating the area of a regular octagon can be done in several ways. One method involves viewing the octagon as a truncated square. If you draw a square around the outside of the octagon, four of the octagon's sides overlap with the square's sides. You then remove four 45–45–90 triangles from the corners. The area can also be expressed using the span, which is the second-shortest diagonal. The span is equal to the side length multiplied by the silver ratio.

Octagon in square
Octagon in square

Geometry also explores the different types of diagonals within an octagon. A diagonal is a line segment connecting two non-adjacent vertices. A regular octagon contains three distinct diagonal lengths. The short diagonal is the smallest. The medium diagonal is also known as the span or the height. This span is exactly twice the length of the inradius. The long diagonal is the largest and is twice the length of the circumradius. These measurements are all linked to the side length through specific geometric formulas.

Dissected octagon
Dissected octagon

Constructing a regular octagon is a classic geometric exercise. You can build one using a compass and a straightedge. First, draw a circle with a diameter. Draw a second diameter perpendicular to the first to create a square. By bisecting the right angles between these diameters, you find the remaining four vertices.

8-folding
8-folding

You can also use physical tools like Meccano bars. To build a regular octagon with Meccano, you need twelve bars of size 4, three bars of size 5, and two bars of size 6.

Meccano octagon
Meccano octagon

Octagons can also exist in three dimensions or higher dimensions. A regular skew octagon does not lie on a single flat plane. Instead, its vertices alternate between two parallel planes, creating a zig-zag pattern. This shape can be seen in the edges of a square antiprism. In higher-dimensional geometry, the octagon is related to complex structures like the tesseract. A regular octagon can also be dissected into six rhombs. A rhomb is a parallelogram with four equal sides.

Architects frequently utilize the octagon for both beauty and function. The shape provides a unique way to organize space. The Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem features a famous octagonal floor plan. The Tower of the Winds in Athens is another historic example. Many religious buildings use this shape, such as the Basilica of San Vitale in Italy. Even modern office buildings use octagonal layouts to separate different service areas.

Dehio 10 Dome of the Rock Floor plan
Dehio 10 Dome of the Rock Floor plan
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🖼️ Images & Media (30)
File:A generalization van Aubel theorem.svg
A generalization van Aubel theorem.svg
File:Octagon in square.svg
Octagon in square.svg
File:8-folding.svg
8-folding.svg
File:Regular Octagon Inscribed in a Circle.gif
Regular Octagon Inscribed in a Circle.gif
File:Meccano octagon.svg
Meccano octagon.svg
File:8-cube t0 A7.svg
8-cube t0 A7.svg
File:8-gon rhombic dissection-size2.svg
8-gon rhombic dissection-size2.svg
File:Isotoxal 8-gon rhombic dissection-size2.svg
Isotoxal 8-gon rhombic dissection-size2.svg
File:8-gon rhombic dissection2-size2.svg
8-gon rhombic dissection2-size2.svg
File:8-gon rhombic dissection3-size2.svg
8-gon rhombic dissection3-size2.svg
File:4-cube_t0.svg
4-cube_t0.svg
File:Dissected octagon.svg
Dissected octagon.svg

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