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Nimravidae

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Nimravidae is an extinct family of carnivorans known as "false saber-toothed cats."

Dinictis felina by R. B. Horsfall (coloured)
Dinictis felina by R. B. Horsfall (coloured)

While they resemble true cats, they do not belong to the family Felidae. Instead, they are a distinct family within the suborder Feliformia. This group includes many animals related to modern cats. Nimravids were highly successful predators that lived across North America, Africa, and Eurasia. They occupied many different ecological roles for millions of years. Understanding them helps scientists learn how similar body shapes can evolve independently.

Most nimravids possessed muscular, low-slung bodies. They typically had shorter legs and shorter tails than modern cats. Their feet were also different from current felids. They walked in a plantigrade or semiplantigrade posture. This means they walked on the flat of their feet rather than on their toes. Their ear structure also differed from true cats. While modern cats have an auditory bulla with a septum, nimravids had ossified bullae without a septum. Scientists assume they had a cartilaginous housing for their ear mechanisms instead.

The family displayed a wide variety of tooth shapes and sizes. Some nimravids evolved massive, flattened upper canines. These animals often had a downward-projecting flange on the mandible. This bony part on the lower jaw was as long as the canine teeth. Other nimravids had smaller canines similar to modern cats. Some had intermediate teeth between these two styles. Because of these differences, nimravids are often called "false saber-tooths." They evolved these traits through parallel evolution rather than sharing a direct ancestor with true saber-toothed cats.

Pogonodon platycopis
Pogonodon platycopis

Nimravids came in many different sizes. Some species, like Eusmilus bidentatus and Nanosmilus, were only the size of a small bobcat.

Maofelis cantonensis 2
Maofelis cantonensis 2

Others, such as Barbourofelis morrisi and Hoplophoneus occidentalis, were leopard-sized. Some were as large as jaguars or small lions. The largest members, including Quercylurus and Barbourofelis fricki, reached even greater sizes. These variations allowed them to fill many different roles in their environments. They could be ambush predators or pounce-pursuit predators. Some, like Albanosmilus whitfordi, may have been cursorial predators.

Hoplophoneus primevus IMG 4443
Hoplophoneus primevus IMG 4443

The history of naming this family involves many scientists. American paleontologist Edward Drinker Cope named the family Nimravidae in 1880. He used Nimravus as the type genus.

Nimravus gomphodus
Nimravus gomphodus

Over the years, the classification of nimravids has changed frequently. They were assigned to different groups like Fissipedia, Caniformia, and Aeluroidea. In 2004, the barbourofelines were moved to their own family. However, most experts have since returned them to the Nimravidae family. A 2021 study even suggests barbourofelines might be part of the Nimravinae subfamily.

Nimravids first appeared during the Middle Eocene in Asia. Some of the earliest members were Maofelis and Pangurban.

Feliform Timeline
Feliform Timeline

During this time, the Earth was warm and wet with lush forests. As the climate became cooler and drier, forests turned into open woodlands. This change helped nimravids flourish during the Oligocene. Their rise in size and diversity coincided with the extinction of the oxyaenids. This event opened a niche for cat-like carnivores. Nimravids eventually moved into Europe and Africa as well.

The extinction of the family happened in stages. The hoplophonines died out around 29.5 million years ago. The nimravines went extinct around 25.9 million years ago. In North America, their disappearance caused a "cat gap." This was a 7 million year period with no cat-like predators in the region. The barbourofelines survived longer, until about 7 million years ago. Some scientists suggest they competed with machairodonts. Others believe they went extinct due to the expansion of grasslands during the Late Miocene.

Dinictis and Protoceras
Dinictis and Protoceras
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🖼️ Images & Media (7)
File:Dinictis felina by R. B. Horsfall (coloured).jpg
Dinictis felina by R. B. Horsfall (coloured).jpg
File:Maofelis cantonensis 2.jpg
Maofelis cantonensis 2.jpg
File:Pogonodon_platycopis.jpg
Pogonodon_platycopis.jpg
File:Nimravus_gomphodus.jpg
Nimravus_gomphodus.jpg
File:Hoplophoneus_primevus_IMG_4443.jpg
Hoplophoneus_primevus_IMG_4443.jpg
File:Feliform_Timeline.svg
Feliform_Timeline.svg
File:Dinictis_and_Protoceras.jpg
Dinictis_and_Protoceras.jpg
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