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Necho II

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Necho II was a pharaoh of Egypt during the 26th Dynasty. He ruled from 610 to 595 BC. His capital was located at Sais. Necho was the son of Psammetichus I and Mehtenweskhet. His royal name, or prenomen, was Wahem-Ib-Re. This name translates to "Carrying out the Heart of Re." Necho was a leader who focused on action and large-scale projects. He lived during a time of great change in the ancient Near East.

Herodotus5m1
Herodotus5m1

Necho II faced a world filled with shifting empires. The Neo-Assyrian Empire was falling apart due to raids. Groups called the Cimmerians and Scythians had caused much chaos. These groups helped the Babylonians weaken the Assyrians. Necho wanted to help the remaining Assyrian leaders. He tried to support a general named Ashur-uballit II. Necho sent a force to help him near the Euphrates River. However, the Egyptian force was too small to succeed. The combined armies had to retreat west across the river.

In 609 BC, Necho led a major military campaign into Syria. He personally commanded a large army of mercenaries. This force used the Via Maris, which is a coastal route. Necho also used a Mediterranean fleet to support his troops. During this march, he fought a battle at Megiddo. This battle involved the Judean king, Josiah. Necho's forces were successful in their movement through Philistia. He later captured Kadesh on the Orontes River. Necho was the first pharaoh to cross the Euphrates since Thutmose III.

Despite these movements, Necho's goals for empire were difficult to reach. The Babylonians were a rising power that Necho had to face. In 605 BC, a massive battle occurred at Carchemish. Egyptian forces fought against the Babylonian army there. The Babylonian leader was Nebuchadnezzar II. The Babylonians won a decisive victory at this battle. This defeat destroyed Necho's dream of a restored Egyptian Empire. Nebuchadnezzar II took control of territories from the Euphrates to Judea. Necho could not recover these lost lands.

Battle of Carchemish
Battle of Carchemish

Necho II was also a builder of great infrastructure. He began an ambitious project to dig a canal. This canal connected the Pelusiac branch of the Nile to the Red Sea. It was an early version of the Suez Canal. The waterway was meant to help trade between the Mediterranean and the Indian Ocean. He also founded a new city called Per-Temu Tjeku. This city was located near what is now Ismailia. These projects show his desire to connect Egypt to global trade routes.

To support his trade and defense, Necho built a navy. This was a very unusual move for an Egyptian pharaoh. Most Egyptians at that time felt a deep fear of the sea. Necho recruited Ionian Greeks to help him form this fleet. His navy operated along both the Red Sea and the Mediterranean coasts. He even constructed advanced warships, such as triremes. This new maritime focus changed how Egypt interacted with the world.

PtolemyWorldMap
PtolemyWorldMap

One of the most famous stories from his reign involves a long voyage. Necho commissioned a group of Phoenician sailors for an expedition. They sailed from the Red Sea to find a new route to Asia. The journey took three full years to complete. The sailors sailed around the southern end of Africa, which was called Libya. They reported that the sun was on their right side as they sailed. This detail suggested they had successfully circled the continent. This voyage helped humans understand the true shape of the world.

Herodotus5m1
Herodotus5m1
580 words

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Herodotus5m1.jpg
File:PtolemyWorldMap.jpg
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