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Naan

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Naan is a leavened, oven-baked flatbread known for its light and fluffy texture.

Naan Bakery, Iran, Qajar era (circa 1850)
Naan Bakery, Iran, Qajar era (circa 1850)

It is easily recognized by the golden-brown spots that appear during the baking process. This versatile bread is used in many different cuisines across the entire world. People often use pieces of naan as edible utensils. They use the bread to scoop up thick sauces, stews, or curries. It also serves as a perfect companion for drier dishes, such as tandoori chicken. Because it is soft and pliable, it integrates easily into many meal styles.

The creation of naan begins with a specific dough chemistry.

Naan Bakery, Iran, Qajar era (circa 1850)
Naan Bakery, Iran, Qajar era (circa 1850)

Bakers combine white or wheat flour with a leavening agent. Yeast is the most common agent used to make the bread rise. This biological process develops air pockets within the dough. These tiny pockets are what create the characteristic fluffy and soft texture. Other ingredients often include warm water, salt, ghee, or yogurt. Some recipes may also incorporate milk, egg, or honey for extra flavor. If a baker wants to reduce preparation time, they might use baking powder or baking soda instead of yeast.

There are several distinct methods used to cook the dough. One traditional method involves using a tandoor, which is a specialized oven.

Naan Bakery, Iran, Qajar era (circa 1850)
Naan Bakery, Iran, Qajar era (circa 1850)

In this process, the dough is rolled into balls and then flattened. The baker presses the dough directly against the inner walls of the tandoor. These walls can reach intense temperatures as high as 480 °C (900 °F). This extreme heat allows the bread to bake within just a few minutes. This rapid cooking produces the signature spotty browning on the surface. Another method uses a tava, which is a pan used on a stovetop. A cook might even flip the tava upside down over the flame to brown the bread.

The history of naan is deeply connected to Persian and South Asian culture. The term itself comes from the Persian word nân, which is a generic term for any kind of bread.

Naan Bakery, Iran, Qajar era (circa 1850)
Naan Bakery, Iran, Qajar era (circa 1850)

The earliest English use of the word was recorded in 1803 by William Tooke. He described the eating habits of central Turks in his travelogue. In the Indian subcontinent, naan arrived during the Islamic Delhi Sultanate period. The poet Amir Khusrau mentioned naan in his memoirs during the 1300s AD. He identified two specific types: Naan-e-Tunuk, which was a thin bread, and Naan-e-Tanuri, which was a heavier bread baked in a tandoor.

During the Mughal era in the 1520s, naan held a very high social status. It was considered a delicacy reserved for nobles and royal families.

Naan Bakery, Iran, Qajar era (circa 1850)
Naan Bakery, Iran, Qajar era (circa 1850)

Making leavened bread was a lengthy and difficult process. Because of this, the art of making naan was a revered skill held by very few people. The Ain-i-Akbari, a historical record of the third Mughal emperor, notes that naan was eaten with kebabs or kheema. It was not until the 1700s that naan finally reached the masses in the cultural centers of South Asia. This shift allowed the bread to become a staple for many more people.

Today, naan has evolved into many regional varieties across the globe. In Indonesia, it is known as roti naan or roti nan and often includes garlic.

Naan Bakery, Iran, Qajar era (circa 1850)
Naan Bakery, Iran, Qajar era (circa 1850)

In Myanmar, a version called naan bya is a popular breakfast item at teahouses. It is often served with boiled chickpeas, onions, or Burmese curry. In China, the Jingzhou style of guokui is sometimes described as "Chinese naan." It is also a vital part of Uyghur cuisine, where it is called náng. Even in Japan, naan is widely available in Indian-style curry restaurants. This popularity grew after Kandagawa Sekizai Shoukou, a tandoor manufacturer, promoted it in 1968.

Modern culinary trends have led to many creative "fusion" versions of the bread. In Paris during the 1970s, cheese naan became a popular variation.

Naan Bakery, Iran, Qajar era (circa 1850)
Naan Bakery, Iran, Qajar era (circa 1850)

One theory suggests André Risser created it in 1967 to help the French accept Indian food. Another theory points to an Indian family from Bombay in 1976. Today, chefs use naan in unexpected ways, such as making naan pizza or naan tacos. In a naan pizza, the bread serves as the crust instead of traditional dough. These modern adaptations show how a traditional food can continue to change and connect different cultures.

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