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Multimeter

technology Maturity 11-13 Next article →

A multimeter is a versatile measuring instrument used to evaluate various electrical properties. It is often called a multi-tester, a VOM, or an avometer. This device allows technicians to verify if a circuit is operating correctly. They also use it to test passive components to ensure they meet specific tolerances.

Digital Multimeter Aka
Digital Multimeter Aka

Most standard multimeters measure three primary values: voltage, resistance, and current. A meter measuring these three acts as a voltmeter, an ohmmeter, and an ammeter. Some advanced models include additional functions like measuring temperature or capacitance.

Multimeter test leads
Multimeter test leads

Users connect the instrument to a circuit using probes. These probes create a temporary connection for testing. Most meters include intrinsic safety features. These features protect the operator if the voltage exceeds the device's capabilities.

Fluke 28 Multimeter Input Protection
Fluke 28 Multimeter Input Protection

There are two main types of multimeters: analog and digital. Analog multimeters use a microammeter with a moving pointer to show readings on a scale.

YX360TRF(Sanwa)
YX360TRF(Sanwa)

Digital multimeters, or DMMs, use numeric displays. DMMs are generally more precise than their analog counterparts.

Fluke87-V Multimeter
Fluke87-V Multimeter

Multimeters also vary in form. They can be portable handheld devices or highly-precise bench instruments.

Benchtop multimeter
Benchtop multimeter

The history of these tools began with the galvanometer in 1890. These early devices were bulky, delicate, and slow to use in the field. Scientists used them with a Wheatstone bridge to compare unknown quantities to a reference. Later, the D'Arsonval–Weston meter movement improved this process. It used a moving coil in a magnetic field to rotate a pointer. This allowed users to read values directly from a scale.

Multimeter-4269
Multimeter-4269

British Post Office engineer Donald Macadie invented the first true multimeter. He was tired of carrying many separate instruments for telecommunication maintenance. He created the Avometer, a name combining amperes, volts, and ohms. The first Avometer was sold in 1923. It featured three direct current ranges: 12 mA, 1.2 A, and 12 A. It also had three direct voltage ranges: 12, 120, and 600 V. An optional range reached 1,200 V.

AVO Model 8 Mk7 P4 by Megger
AVO Model 8 Mk7 P4 by Megger

Technicians must understand the concept of input impedance. This is often called the sensitivity of an analog instrument. It is expressed in ohms per volt (Ω/V). For example, a meter with a 50 μA movement has a sensitivity of 20,000 Ω/V. This means the impedance changes based on the voltage setting. If set to 300 V, the impedance would be 6 MΩ. High input impedance is vital so the meter does not load the circuit.

Pifco Universal-Prüfer
Pifco Universal-Prüfer

Digital technology changed the field significantly. Non Linear Systems manufactured the first digital multimeter in 1955. Later, Frank Bishop of Intron Electronics developed the first handheld digital multimeter in 1977. Modern digital meters can measure many complex values. These include frequency in hertz and inductance in henries. Some even include a continuity tester that sounds a buzzer. This buzzer indicates when a circuit's resistance is low.

Digital Multimeter Aka
Digital Multimeter Aka

Today, multimeters connect to many different systems. Specialized sensors can allow a meter to measure pH or relative humidity. Adapters can even help measure very large currents. Some use Hall effect sensors through insulated clamp jaws. This prevents direct contact with dangerous high-current circuits.

Clampmeter Fluke 337
Clampmeter Fluke 337

This versatility makes the multimeter essential for modern science and technology.

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🖼️ Images & Media (13)
File:YX360TRF(Sanwa).JPG
YX360TRF(Sanwa).JPG
File:Digital Multimeter Aka.jpg
Digital Multimeter Aka.jpg
File:1920s multimeter 3738-6b.jpg
1920s multimeter 3738-6b.jpg
File:AVO Model 8 Mk7 P4 by Megger.jpg
AVO Model 8 Mk7 P4 by Megger.jpg
File:Pifco Universal-Prüfer.jpg
Pifco Universal-Prüfer.jpg
File:Clampmeter Fluke 337.jpg
Clampmeter Fluke 337.jpg
File:Multimeter-4254e.jpg
Multimeter-4254e.jpg
File:Benchtop multimeter.jpg
Benchtop multimeter.jpg
File:PowerbankEnergizerQE10007PQ20210904191417pixelated20210905.jpg
PowerbankEnergizerQE10007PQ20210904191417p...
File:Fluke87-V Multimeter.jpg
Fluke87-V Multimeter.jpg
File:Multimeter test leads.JPG
Multimeter test leads.JPG
File:Fluke 28 Multimeter Input Protection.jpg
Fluke 28 Multimeter Input Protection.jpg

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