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Morus (plant)

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The mulberry is a genus of flowering plants known as *Morus*. These deciduous trees belong to the Moraceae family. This family also includes other notable fruits like figs and jackfruit.

Canons Ashby House and Mulberry Tree - geograph.org.uk - 22987
Canons Ashby House and Mulberry Tree - geograph.org.uk - 22987

While there are many species, most people recognize three main types. These are the white, red, and black mulberries. Interestingly, these names describe the color of their dormant buds. They do not always match the color of the fruit itself. There are approximately 19 accepted species within this genus. However, the classification is complex due to widespread hybridization. This happens when different species breed to create fertile hybrids.

Mulberry trees have specific physical characteristics that help identify them. They are fast-growing when they are young. As they mature, they can become very tall. The leaves are arranged alternately along the stems. These leaves are simple and often have serrated edges. You might also see lobes on the leaves. These lobes are more common on juvenile shoots than on mature trees. The fruit is a multiple fruit, which means it is made of many small parts. As the fruit ripens, it undergoes a clear color change. It starts as white, green, or pale yellow. Then it turns pink or red. Finally, it becomes a dark purple or black color.

Mulberry in Libya
Mulberry in Libya

Growing mulberries requires specific techniques depending on the goal. You can grow them from seeds, which often produces trees with better shape and health. However, a tree grown from seed may take ten years to bear fruit. Many growers prefer using large cuttings because they root very easily.

Silkworm mulberry tree zetarra marugatze arbolean3
Silkworm mulberry tree zetarra marugatze arbolean3

Some farmers use a process called grafting. This involves attaching a piece of one tree, called a scion, onto another. A common use is converting a male tree into an allergy-free female tree. You can graft female scions onto a pruned male trunk. This is helpful because only male trees produce pollen. This pollen can trigger asthma or allergies in some people. Female trees actually draw pollen and dust from the air instead.

History shows that mulberries have been important to humans for centuries. Fossils of the *Morus* genus have been found in the Pliocene record of the Netherlands. In the 17th century, black mulberries were imported to Britain. People hoped these trees would support the cultivation of silkworms. The tree even influenced geography in Greece. During the Middle Ages, the Peloponnese region was called Morea. This name comes from the Greek word for the mulberry tree.

The Mulberry Tree by Vincent van Gogh
The Mulberry Tree by Vincent van Gogh

Even famous artists have been inspired by them. Vincent van Gogh famously painted a mulberry tree.

Mulberries are found across many different global regions. The white mulberry, or *Morus alba*, is native to South Asia. It is now widely distributed across Europe, Africa, and the Americas. In North America, it is often considered an invasive species. This means it can take over areas from native plants like the red mulberry. The black mulberry, or *Morus nigra*, is native to southwest Asia. It is found in places like Iran and the Caucasus. Australia has its own native mulberries, but they belong to different plant families.

Mulberry in Libya
Mulberry in Libya

The most significant connection for the mulberry is the silk industry. The silkworm, *Bombyx mori*, relies on mulberry leaves as its only food source. These worms eat the leaves to produce the cocoons used to make silk. This relationship has been used since ancient times. For example, Roman Emperor Elagabalus wore silk as early as 220 AD. Beyond silk, the fruit is used for nutrition and color. Raw mulberries are 88% water and provide 44% of the Daily Value for vitamin C. The fruit contains anthocyanins, which are pigments that create red, purple, and black colors. These pigments can be extracted to use as natural food colorants or fabric dyes.

Finally, the mulberry tree provides many other useful materials. The bark and stems have been used to create paper for a long time. In Japan, traditional *washi* paper is made from mulberry parts. The thinnest paper in the world, called *Tengujo*, is produced using mulberry stems. In Southeast Asia, monks once used the bark to make books called *kraing*. The wood is also used for specific tasks, such as aging plum brandy in Romania. Even the branches can be used to weave durable baskets for farming. Every part of the tree serves a purpose in different cultures.

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🖼️ Images & Media (4)
File:Mulberry in Libya.jpg
Mulberry in Libya.jpg
File:Canons Ashby House and Mulberry Tree - geograph.org.uk - 22987.jpg
Canons Ashby House and Mulberry Tree -...
File:Silkworm mulberry tree zetarra marugatze arbolean3.JPG
Silkworm mulberry tree zetarra marugatze...
File:The Mulberry Tree by Vincent van Gogh.jpg
The Mulberry Tree by Vincent van Gogh.jpg
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