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Mindanao

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Mindanao is the second-largest island in the Philippines. It sits in the southern part of the archipelago.

Philippinen mindanao boot ph06p73
Philippinen mindanao boot ph06p73

The island is part of a larger group. This group includes the nearby Sulu Archipelago. Mindanao is a very large and crowded place. It is the seventh-most populous island in the entire world.

Carte topographique de Mindanao
Carte topographique de Mindanao

The island is often called the "Bread Basket" of the Philippines. This is because it is a major source of food for the nation.

Administrative regions divide the island into six distinct parts.

Ph fil zamboanga peninsula
Ph fil zamboanga peninsula

These regions are the Zamboanga Peninsula and Northern Mindanao. They also include the Caraga region and the Davao region. The island contains the Soccsksargen region as well. Finally, there is the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao.

Ph fil barmm
Ph fil barmm

Davao City is the most populous city on the island. It has a population of 1,776,949 people. Other large cities include Zamboanga City and General Santos. The total population of Mindanao was 26,252,442 in the 2020 census.

Religion and culture create a complex social landscape on the island. About two thirds of the residents identify as Christian. Islam is the largest minority religion on the island.

Moro Sultanates (Philippines)
Moro Sultanates (Philippines)

In the Bangsamoro region, over 89% of people are Muslim. This region is the most predominantly Islamic area. However, recording these numbers can be difficult. Some groups worry about discrimination or human rights issues. Because of this, the exact way to measure diversity is often debated.

The name Mindanao comes from the Maguindanao language. It uses the prefix "min" and the word "danao." The word "danao" means lake. Therefore, the name translates to "land of where the lakes are found."

Rio Grande de Mindanao (Cotabato City)
Rio Grande de Mindanao (Cotabato City)

This name is linked to the Maguindanao people. They once held great influence through their Sultanate. This Sultanate controlled many coastal areas and river floodplains. The island is also known for its many lakes of varying depths.

Human activity on the island dates back ten thousand years.

Krieger 1926 Philippine ethnic weapons Plate 20
Krieger 1926 Philippine ethnic weapons Plate 20

During the Neolithic era, the Subanon people settled in the Zamboanga Peninsula. Archaeologists have found stone tools in Zamboanga del Norte. They have also discovered ceramic burial jars in various caves. Many of these ceramics came from the Yuan and Ming periods in China. This shows that the Subanon had long trade links with China.

Filippine, provincia di agusan, immagine hindu, statuetta in oro massiccio, xiii secolo
Filippine, provincia di agusan, immagine hindu, statuetta in oro massiccio, xiii secolo

Some gold ornaments and beads were also found.

Between 900 AD and the 16th century, Hindu-Buddhist influences were strong. These beliefs came from Indonesia and Malaysia. People used Indianized scripts like Kawi and baybayin. They also introduced items like the silk fabric and the sarong.

Spanish map of Mindanao
Spanish map of Mindanao

Artifacts like a golden Ganesha pendant have been found. These traits eventually passed to the Visayas and Luzon. However, many were lost after the Spanish arrived. The Butuan Rajahnate was a Hinduized kingdom in the 10th century. It was even mentioned in Chinese records as a tributary state.

Islam began to spread through the island in the 14th century. Muslim merchants from the western Malay Archipelago brought the religion. The first mosque in the Philippines was built in Simunul in the mid-14th century. By the 16th century, the Sultanates of Sulu, Lanao, and Maguindanao were established. These sultanates grew from older Hindu-Buddhist rajahnates.

Two Spanish missionaries baptise a Moro convert to Roman Catholic, circa 1890
Two Spanish missionaries baptise a Moro convert to Roman Catholic, circa 1890

The Sultanate of Maguindanao was the largest on the mainland. It controlled the Rio Grande de Mindanao and several gulfs.

Spanish colonization changed the island's history significantly. Antonio Pigafetta wrote about reaching "Maingdano" in 1521. In 1543, Ruy López de Villalobos became the first Spaniard to reach the island. He named it "Caesarea Caroli."

Christian Filipinos under Spanish army in Mindanao in their battle against the Moro Muslim, circa 1887
Christian Filipinos under Spanish army in Mindanao in their battle against the Moro Muslim, circa 1887

The Spanish built forts to protect coastal settlements. Zamboanga City was one of the most heavily fortified places. It was settled by soldiers from Peru and Mexico. The local sultanates resisted Spanish control for many years.

World War II brought great destruction to the island. Japanese soldiers invaded Mindanao in April 1942.

CAG Skyline Jan 2018
CAG Skyline Jan 2018

Many cities like Davao and Zamboanga were burned to the ground. Japanese forces occupied Davao City very early on. They used the city as a part of their defense system.

Tuktok ng Pilipinas
Tuktok ng Pilipinas

American and Filipino forces fought to liberate the island. After the war, Mindanao entered a period of peace and growth. Today, it remains a vital part of the Philippines.

Foggy Morning At Panimahawa Ridge
Foggy Morning At Panimahawa Ridge
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🖼️ Images & Media (21)
File:Filippine, provincia di agusan, immagine hindu, statuetta in oro massiccio, xiii secolo.jpg
Filippine, provincia di agusan, immagine...
File:Krieger 1926 Philippine ethnic weapons Plate 20.png
Krieger 1926 Philippine ethnic weapons...
File:Spanish map of Mindanao.jpg
Spanish map of Mindanao.jpg
File:Moro Sultanates (Philippines).png
Moro Sultanates (Philippines).png
File:Christian Filipinos under Spanish army in Mindanao in their battle against the Moro Muslim, circa 1887.jpg
Christian Filipinos under Spanish army in...
File:Two Spanish missionaries baptise a Moro convert to Roman Catholic, circa 1890.jpg
Two Spanish missionaries baptise a Moro...
File:Lanao sultans.jpg
Lanao sultans.jpg
File:CAG Skyline Jan 2018.jpg
CAG Skyline Jan 2018.jpg
File:Ph fil zamboanga peninsula.png
Ph fil zamboanga peninsula.png
File:Ph fil northern mindanao.png
Ph fil northern mindanao.png
File:Ph fil davao region.png
Ph fil davao region.png
File:Ph fil soccsksargen.png
Ph fil soccsksargen.png

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