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Metropolitan France

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Metropolitan France, also called European France, is a specific part of the French Republic.

Fr-map
Fr-map

It is located on the continent of Europe. This region includes mainland France and the island of Corsica. It also contains several French islands in the Atlantic Ocean, the English Channel, and the Mediterranean Sea. While the term is common in daily life, it has no official administrative meaning. This is because overseas regions in France hold the same administrative status as metropolitan regions. However, only Metropolitan France is part of the Schengen Area.

Paris from the Arc de Triomphe, 17 October 2019
Paris from the Arc de Triomphe, 17 October 2019

The geography of this area is often described by its shape. Many people call the mainland "the Hexagon" or "l'Hexagone."

Hexagone
Hexagone

This name refers to the six-sided shape of the continental landmass. The sides of this hexagon include the Channel coast and the Atlantic coast. The Pyrenees mountains form the southern border with Spain. The Mediterranean coast lies to the south and southeast. To the east, the borders include the Alps, the Jura, and the Upper Rhine. The northeastern border includes the German Rhineland, Belgium, and Luxembourg. This shape first appeared in French geography books during the 1850s.

The term "metropolitan" has a deep history rooted in the colonial era. From the 16th to the 20th centuries, France had many colonies and protectorates. During this time, the main country was called the "metropolis." This distinguished the home nation from its overseas territories. The word comes from the Ancient Greek term "metropolis." This Greek phrase means "mother city." In ancient times, a metropolis was a city-state that created colonies across the Mediterranean. Over time, the word came to mean a "motherland" or a central nation.

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Fr-map

Today, the use of this term is a subject of debate. Some people living in Overseas France object to the word "metropolitan." They feel it carries too much colonial history. Instead, they prefer the term "the European territory of France." This is the phrasing used in the Treaties of the European Union. In the mainland, people from the islands are sometimes called "les continentaux." In 2023, legislators even voted to use the name "l'Hexagone" more often. They did this to move away from language linked to the colonial past.

Metropolitan France holds a massive portion of the French Republic's resources. It covers 551,695 square kilometers of land. This represents 82.0% of the total land territory of the entire republic. It also accounts for 95.9% of the total population. According to INSEE, 66,793,000 people lived in Metropolitan France as of January 2026. In contrast, only 2,891,000 people lived in Overseas France at that time. At sea, Metropolitan France holds an exclusive economic zone (EEZ) of 1,115,140 square kilometers. This is 3.3% of the total EEZ for the French Republic.

Different organizations use different names to describe the whole country. INSEE uses the term "la France entière," which means "the whole of France." This term includes Metropolitan France and the five overseas departments. These five departments include Mayotte, which was added to the figures in the mid-2010s. However, "la France entière" does not include all overseas collectivities. The Ministry of the Interior uses the term differently. For them, it refers to the entire French Republic, including all overseas France. The World Bank simply uses the name "France" to include both parts.

Paris from the Arc de Triomphe, 17 October 2019
Paris from the Arc de Triomphe, 17 October 2019

Political representation is also concentrated in the metropolitan region. The French National Assembly consists of 577 deputies. Of these, 539 deputies, or 93.4%, are elected in Metropolitan France. Only 27 deputies, or 4.7%, are elected in Overseas France. The remaining 11 deputies are elected by French citizens living in foreign countries. This shows how the majority of the political system is centered in Europe. Even though the overseas territories are equal in status, the population and political weight remain largely in the Hexagon.

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