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Mekong

geography Maturity 7-9 Next article →

The Mekong is a massive transboundary river system in East and Southeast Asia.

Phou si - Mekong River - Luang Prabang Laos プーシーの丘、メコン川 ラオス・ルアンプラバーン DSCF6787
Phou si - Mekong River - Luang Prabang Laos プーシーの丘、メコン川 ラオス・ルアンプラバーン DSCF6787

It ranks as the twelfth-longest river globally. Within Asia, it is the third-longest river. The river carries a massive volume of water each year. Its drainage area is vast. It serves as a vital lifeline for many nations. The river provides water, food, and trade routes for millions of people.

1850 Perrot Map of Indo-Chine - Geographicus - Indochine-perrot-1825
1850 Perrot Map of Indo-Chine - Geographicus - Indochine-perrot-1825

The river's journey begins high in the mountains. It rises in the Sanjiangyuan National Nature Reserve on the Tibetan Plateau. This area is a critical site for water. It protects the headwaters of the Mekong, the Yangtze, and the Yellow Rivers. In this upper region, the river is known as the Lancang River. This name can be understood as "turbulent green river." The river flows through the Tibetan Autonomous Region and into Yunnan Province in China. Here, the water travels through the Three Parallel Rivers Area. It runs alongside the Yangtze River and the Salween River.

Chamdo Mekong
Chamdo Mekong

The river's name has deep linguistic and cultural roots. The word Mekong comes from the Khmer-Sanskrit compound Me-Kongkea. This translates to "Mother Ganga." This name reflects a sacred geography. It connects the river to the sacred Ganges River in India. In the Khmer language, "Me" means mother, chief, or head. This term often designates a primary member of a group. In Thailand and Laos, the river is called Mae Nam Khong. This means "Mother of Waters." The term "Khong" is an archaic word for river.

Geographically, the river is divided into two main parts. The upper Mekong basin covers 24% of the total area. This part contributes 15% to 20% of the total water flow. The terrain here is steep and narrow. The river flows through deep gorges in Yunnan Province. This steepness causes the most precipitous drop in the entire river. Because the land is so steep, soil erosion is a major problem. About 50% of the river's sediment comes from this upper basin.

Nam Ou River confluence in Mekong Laos
Nam Ou River confluence in Mekong Laos

The lower Mekong basin contains the majority of the river's length. This section includes parts of Myanmar, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia, and Vietnam. In the lower basin, major tributary systems develop. Some tributaries provide water during the wet season. Others drain low-relief regions with less rainfall. In Thailand, the Mun and Chi rivers are important tributaries. They drain the Khorat Plateau. This area is a semi-arid region. Although it receives high rainfall, evaporation rates are very high. Consequently, these rivers only contribute 6% of the average annual flow.

A unique phenomenon occurs when the river reaches Cambodia. The Mekong meets the Tonlé Sap river and lake system at Phnom Penh. This creates a seasonal flow reversal. When the Mekong is low, the Tonlé Sap acts as a tributary. Water flows from the lake into the Mekong. However, when the Mekong floods, the direction changes. The floodwaters flow up the Tonlé Sap into the lake.

Mekong floating homes
Mekong floating homes

This cycle is a vital part of the local ecosystem. After passing Phnom Penh, the Bassac River branches off. This marks the start of the Mekong Delta.

The Mekong Delta is a complex system in southern Vietnam. The river splits into many branches here. The main eastern branch is called the Tiền River. The Bassac River is called the Hậu River in Vietnam. These branches eventually empty into the South China Sea.

Mekong Delta river -a
Mekong Delta river -a

The delta is a place of intense agriculture. People use the water for rice and fish farming.

You can also find busy floating markets in this region.

CanThoFloatingMarket
CanThoFloatingMarket

Life in the delta is defined by the movement of water.

Human activity has changed the river significantly. Between the 2000s and 2020s, many hydroelectric dams were built. These dams can cause serious problems for the ecosystem. They can also make droughts much worse. In the lower basin, forest cover has decreased. In Thailand, forest cover on the Khorat Plateau dropped from 42% in 1961 to 13% in 1993. This change is due to shifting and permanent agriculture. The river remains a major trade route. However, the balance between human needs and the natural environment is constantly shifting.

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🖼️ Images & Media (18)
File:Chamdo Mekong.png
Chamdo Mekong.png
File:Phou si - Mekong River - Luang Prabang Laos プーシーの丘、メコン川 ラオス・ルアンプラバーン DSCF6787.jpg
Phou si - Mekong River - Luang Prabang...
File:Nam Ou River confluence in Mekong Laos.jpg
Nam Ou River confluence in Mekong Laos.jpg
File:Mekong floating homes.jpg
Mekong floating homes.jpg
File:Mekong Delta river -a.jpg
Mekong Delta river -a.jpg
File:2009-08-30 09-03 Luang Prabang 020 Mekong.jpg
2009-08-30 09-03 Luang Prabang 020 Mekong.jpg
File:CanThoFloatingMarket.jpg
CanThoFloatingMarket.jpg
File:CauKhi SongTien BinhDai BenTre VN.jpg
CauKhi SongTien BinhDai BenTre VN.jpg
File:PovertyHamlet Mekong@BenTre Vietnam.jpg
PovertyHamlet Mekong@BenTre Vietnam.jpg
File:1850 Perrot Map of Indo-Chine - Geographicus - Indochine-perrot-1825.jpg
1850 Perrot Map of Indo-Chine -...
File:Mekongmembersangkor.jpg
Mekongmembersangkor.jpg
File:Pelochelys cantorii.jpg
Pelochelys cantorii.jpg

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