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Medical tourism

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Medical tourism is the practice of traveling to a different country to receive medical treatment.

Turismo de salud
Turismo de salud

While this term used to describe people moving from developing nations to highly developed ones, its meaning has expanded. Today, it often describes people from wealthy nations traveling to developing countries for lower-priced care. People may also travel to access medical services that are not licensed or available in their home countries. This movement is driven by different agencies, like the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the United States or the European Medicines Agency (EMA) in Europe, which decide which drugs are approved.

There are many specific types of medical travel. Most often, people travel for various surgeries, such as cosmetic procedures. Others engage in dental tourism for oral surgery or fertility tourism for services like in-vitro fertilization and surrogacy. Some travelers seek specialized care for rare medical conditions that are better understood in other nations. The field is quite broad and includes psychiatry, alternative medicine, and even convalescent care. A related but separate field is wellness tourism, which focuses on preventive health and general well-being.

One specific type of travel is called circumvention tourism. This occurs when people travel to access medical services that are legal in the destination but illegal in their home country. This can include fertility treatments, abortion, or doctor-assisted suicide. For example, Poland has highly restrictive abortion laws. It is estimated that nearly 7,000 women travel from Poland to the United Kingdom each year for these services. Some organizations, such as Women on Waves, even use mobile clinics on ships to provide medical abortions in international waters to navigate these legal differences.

Several factors drive the growing popularity of this industry. High healthcare costs and long waiting times are major motivators. In the United Kingdom, avoiding long waits is a leading factor for medical travel. In the United States, the primary motivation is often lower prices. For instance, a liver transplant in the U.S. might cost $300,000. However, that same procedure in Taiwan might cost only $91,000. In Canada, waiting times can be significant; in 2005, patients waited an average of 9.4 weeks. Some countries even set benchmarks, such as a 26-week wait for hip replacements.

This industry is expanding rapidly and has significant economic implications. In 2007, an estimated 750,000 Americans traveled abroad for healthcare. By 2008, experts estimated that number would rise to 1.5 million. A 2008 report from Deloitte Consulting projected that U.S. medical tourism could increase tenfold over the next decade. This growth could cost U.S. healthcare providers billions of dollars in lost revenue. Meanwhile, in India, the healthcare industry is projected to reach $280 billion by 2020, partly due to the rise of medical tourism.

To manage this growth, intermediaries have emerged to connect patients with hospitals and surgeons. These providers often offer nurse case managers to assist with medical issues before and after travel. Some even hire American surgeons to travel to places like Mexico to treat U.S. patients. To ensure safety, many hospitals seek international healthcare accreditation. This is a process that certifies a specific level of quality. Organizations like Joint Commission International (JCI), formed in 1994, help hospitals meet recognized standards for patient safety. Accreditation Canada is another historic body, having accredited the Bermuda Hospital Board as early as 1968.

Despite the benefits, medical tourism carries certain risks. Patients may be exposed to different infectious diseases, such as hepatitis A, typhoid, or tuberculosis, which they may not have natural immunity against. Traveling long distances immediately after surgery also poses dangers. Long flights and limited mobility can increase the risk of deep vein thrombosis or a pulmonary embolism. Additionally, post-operative care quality can vary. There are also physical risks, such as sunburns making surgical scars more noticeable during the healing process.

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