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Mary Wigman

arts Maturity 11-13 Next article →

Mary Wigman was a revolutionary German dancer and choreographer.

MaryWigmanMerkelbach1922
MaryWigmanMerkelbach1922

She pioneered expressionist dance, a style known as Ausdruckstanz in Germany. This movement focused on expressing deep existential experiences through the human body. Wigman was also a leader in dance therapy and movement training. Unlike traditional ballet dancers, she did not use pointe shoes. She wanted movement to be free and independent of music. Her work became a central part of the culture during the Weimar Republic era.

Wigman developed her unique technique through specific physical principles. She studied under Rudolf von Laban at the Monte Verità school in Switzerland. Laban taught a system based on the contrast of movements. Wigman used expansion and contraction to create tension. She also utilized pulling and pushing motions to define space. Often, she chose to dance without melodic music. Instead, she used the rhythmic sounds of drums or gongs. Sometimes, she performed in total silence to focus on pure movement.

Her career progressed through several distinct stages of development. She began by studying rhythmic gymnastics with Émile Jaques-Dalcroze in Hellerau. However, she felt dissatisfied because that style made dance secondary to music. In 1913, she moved toward more independent expression at the Laban School. After 1919, she entered her most successful period in Dresden. She opened a modern dance school on Bautzner Strasse in 1920. This school eventually became a major center for the independent dance scene.

Kleineszene dresden front
Kleineszene dresden front

Wigman's life and career were shaped by significant historical shifts. She was born Karoline Sophie Marie Wiegmann in 1886 in Hanover. She grew up traveling through England and the Netherlands. Her first public dances, such as *Hexentanz I*, appeared in Munich. During the First World War, she served as Laban's assistant in Switzerland. The rise of the National Socialist party in 1933 changed her school significantly. New laws against racial overcrowding forced many of her students to emigrate. Wigman herself faced difficult political pressures during this time.

The scale of Wigman's influence was immense during her peak years. By 1927, she taught 360 students in Dresden alone. Her influence reached a massive scale through her former students. By 1931, more than 1,200 students were being taught at various branches. These branches were located in cities like Berlin, Munich, and Hamburg. Her ideas even reached the United States via her student Hanya Holm. Wigman's school in Dresden was so important that it served as a rehearsal stage for the Saxon State Opera.

Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-P047332, Berlin, Mary Wigman-Studio
Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-P047332, Berlin, Mary Wigman-Studio

Many notable artists and students were connected to her work. The expressionist painter Ernst Ludwig Kirchner captured her essence in his painting, *Totentanz der Mary Wigman*.

Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, Totentanz der Mary Wigman, 1926-8
Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, Totentanz der Mary Wigman, 1926-8

Her students included famous dancers like Gret Palucca and Yvonne Georgi. In the United States, her proteges Alwin Nikolais and Joan Woodbury continued her legacy. Critics often described her compositions as tense, introspective, and sombre. Yet, they also noted a sense of radiance within her darkest works.

Wigman's legacy connects dance to broader social and political systems. In the 1930s, her students helped start the New Dance Group in New York. This group used dance as a gateway for social change. However, her work was also caught in the politics of the Third Reich. Nazi leaders saw Ausdruckstanz as a way to promote German values. They viewed it as a shield against foreign cultural influences. This allowed her style to be used as a form of state propaganda. Today, her former school in Dresden is preserved as the Villa Wigman for Dance.

Kleineszene dresden front
Kleineszene dresden front
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File:Grab Mary Wigmann.jpg
Grab Mary Wigmann.jpg
File:Kleineszene dresden front.JPG
Kleineszene dresden front.JPG
File:MaryWigmanMerkelbach1922.jpg
MaryWigmanMerkelbach1922.jpg
File:MaryWigmannSchuleAnzeige1933NZM crop.jpg
MaryWigmannSchuleAnzeige1933NZM crop.jpg
File:Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, Totentanz der Mary Wigman, 1926-8.jpg
Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, Totentanz der Mary...
File:Mary Wigman.gif
Mary Wigman.gif
File:Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-P047332, Berlin, Mary Wigman-Studio.jpg
Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-P047332, Berlin,...
File:Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-P047333, Berlin, Mary Wigman-Studio.jpg
Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-P047333, Berlin,...
File:Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-P047334, Berlin, Mary Wigman-Studio.jpg
Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-P047334, Berlin,...
File:Mary Wigmann Stadttafel.jpg
Mary Wigmann Stadttafel.jpg
File:Fotothek df pk 0000184 011 Mary Wigman, Prof. Benedik.jpg
Fotothek df pk 0000184 011 Mary Wigman,...
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