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Mary Midgley

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Mary Beatrice Midgley was a prominent British philosopher.

Somerville College
Somerville College

She was born on September 13, 1919, in London. Her work focused on complex topics like science, ethics, and animal rights. Midgley was a senior lecturer at Newcastle University for many years. She spent much of her life exploring how humans relate to the natural world. She believed that humans must be understood as animals first and foremost. Her ideas challenged how many people viewed the relationship between science and the humanities.

Midgley used a unique metaphor to describe the purpose of philosophy. She compared philosophy to plumbing. She noted that people rarely notice plumbing when it functions correctly. However, people notice it immediately when something goes wrong. She suggested that when our ideas produce "bad smells," we must investigate our concepts. This process involves examining the underlying structures of our thinking. For Midgley, philosophy was not just for academics. She argued it was a fundamental activity for all humans.

Her academic journey began at Somerville College, Oxford, in 1938.

Somerville College
Somerville College

She studied both "Mods" and "Greats," which included Classics and Philosophy. During the Second World War, many male undergraduates left to fight. This created a unique environment where women became the majority of the student body. Midgley believed this period helped many women make their names in philosophy. She studied alongside other famous thinkers like Iris Murdoch. These early connections with scientists helped shape her later interdisciplinary approach.

Midgley's career saw many different stages and roles. After leaving Oxford in 1942, she worked in the civil service due to the war. She later returned to Oxford in 1947 to pursue graduate research. She studied the views of Plotinus regarding the soul. Although she did not finish her thesis, she later argued that doctoral training can sometimes miss the "big questions." In 1950, she married fellow philosopher Geoffrey Midgley. They eventually moved to Newcastle, where she taught from 1962 to 1980. She did not publish her first book, "Beast and Man," until 1978.

Midgley was a prolific writer with over 15 books to her name. Her publications included "Animals and Why They Matter" (1983) and "Wickedness" (1984). She also wrote "The Ethical Primate" (1994) and "Evolution as a Religion" (1985). Her autobiography, "The Owl of Minerva," was released in 2005. In 2011, she received the "Philosophy Now Award for Contributions in the Fight Against Stupidity." These works demonstrate her lifelong commitment to challenging scientific pretension and reductionism.

One major part of her thought involved the concept of evil. In her book "Wickedness," she addressed the problem of evil without relying on external forces. Midgley argued that evil is not a separate power. Instead, she viewed evil as the absence of good. She defined good through positive virtues like courage, kindness, and generosity. Therefore, evil manifests as selfishness or cowardice. She criticized thinkers who demonized people as "wicked" without acknowledging their capacity for virtue.

Midgley also held a deep interest in the Gaia hypothesis. This theory suggests the Earth functions as a living system.

KingsCollegeChapelWest
KingsCollegeChapelWest

She supported James Lovelock's ideas and saw Gaia as a scientific and moral breakthrough. She argued that Gaia provides a moral imperative to protect our living system. In 2001, she helped found the Gaia Network. She believed this concept could help bridge the gap between science and religion. For Midgley, Gaia encouraged a sense of wonder, awe, and gratitude toward the world.

Her philosophical views connected many different fields of study. She opposed reductionism, which is the attempt to explain complex things by only looking at their simplest parts. She also argued against scientism, the belief that science is the only way to find truth. Midgley believed that science should not substitute for the humanities. Instead, she sought a holistic view of the world. She wanted society to value the natural world alongside economic and social structures. She lived until October 10, 2018, reaching the age of 99.

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