Nepedia
Back to Discover
Advanced Reader
📖

Martin Shkreli

society Maturity 7-9 Next article →

Martin Shkreli is an American investor and businessman known for his work in finance and pharmaceuticals.

Mr. Shkreli (cropped)
Mr. Shkreli (cropped)

He was born on March 17, 1983, at Coney Island Hospital in Brooklyn, New York. His parents were Roman Catholic immigrants from Albania who worked as janitors. Shkreli grew up in the working-class community of Sheepshead Bay. He attended Hunter College High School and later earned a degree in business administration from Baruch College in 2004. His interest in chemistry began after a family member suffered from treatment-resistant depression.

Shkreli's career began in the world of finance through hedge funds. A hedge fund is an investment company that uses various strategies to earn profits for its investors. At age 17, he held an internship at the Wall Street firm Cramer, Berkowitz and Company. During this time, he recommended short-selling the stock of Regeneron Pharmaceuticals. Short-selling is a method where an investor bets that a company's stock price will fall. When the price dropped, the fund profited, though the Securities and Exchange Commission later investigated Shkreli's knowledge of the stock.

After working as a financial analyst, Shkreli founded several of his own funds. In 2006, he started Elea Capital Management. In 2007, Lehman Brothers sued Elea for failing to cover a "put option transaction." This happened because Shkreli bet on a market decline, but stocks rose instead. In 2009, he and Marek Biestek founded MSMB Capital Management. The two men often shorted biotech companies, which are businesses focused on biology and medicine. In 2011, a massive trade involving Orexigen Therapeutics stock left MSMB Capital nearly wiped out after Merrill Lynch lost $7 million on the trade.

In 2011, Shkreli moved into the pharmaceutical industry by founding Retrophin. The name Retrophin is a portmanteau, which is a word made by joining two other words. He led the company with a focus on creating treatments for rare diseases. In 2012, Forbes included him in their "30 Under 30" list. However, the company's board replaced him as CEO in 2014. After his departure, Retrophin filed a $65 million lawsuit against him. The company eventually rebranded as Travere Therapeutics Inc. to distance itself from his reputation.

In 2015, Shkreli founded Turing Pharmaceuticals with a specific business strategy. He aimed to acquire licenses for out-of-patent medicines. These are drugs whose legal protections have expired, meaning other companies can usually make them. However, Turing focused on drugs with small markets where competition was low. By using closed distribution, Turing could control who bought the medicine. This allowed the company to raise prices significantly without facing competition from generic manufacturers.

This strategy led to a major global scandal involving the drug Daraprim. Daraprim is an antiparasitic medication used to treat toxoplasmosis, often in patients with AIDS. In August 2015, Turing purchased Daraprim from Impax Laboratories for $55 million. Immediately after the acquisition, Shkreli raised the price from $13.50 to $750.00 per pill. This was a price increase of 56 times the original cost. The move was criticized by medical organizations, patient groups, and political leaders like Hillary Clinton, Bernie Sanders, and Donald Trump.

Shkreli defended the decision by comparing it to selling an expensive car at a low price. He argued that patient co-pays would remain low and that Turing had expanded free drug programs. Despite this, the controversy caused many organizations to demand the price be lowered. In 2017, Shkreli faced legal consequences for his actions in other businesses. A federal court convicted him on two counts of securities fraud and one count of conspiracy. He was sentenced to seven years in prison and faced millions of dollars in fines.

Shkreli's legal troubles also included civil antitrust cases. In these cases, he was ordered to pay $64.6 million to be repaid to victims. He was released early from a federal prison in Pennsylvania in May 2022. Currently, he is permanently banned from serving as an officer for any publicly traded company. His career serves as a significant example of the complex relationship between pharmaceutical pricing, patent laws, and financial regulation.

684 words

Where will your curiosity go next?

Keep exploring at your chosen reading level.

🖼️ Images & Media (1)
File:Mr. Shkreli (cropped).jpg
Mr. Shkreli (cropped).jpg
More to explore

🔗 What's this?

Concepts mentioned in this article

🔬 Go deeper

More advanced topics to explore

What is Nepedia?

A free, ad-free encyclopedia for children. Every article is written at five reading levels, so the same page works for a five-year-old and a fifteen-year-old — use the level switcher above to see this one change. No account needed to read.