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Marcus Licinius Crassus

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Marcus Licinius Crassus was a powerful Roman general and statesman. He lived from 115 BC to 53 BC. He played a major role in changing the Roman Republic into the Roman Empire. Many people called him the richest man in Rome. His wealth was so large that modern estimates vary greatly. Some experts suggest his fortune would be worth between $200 million and $20 billion today.

Bust of an unknown citizen in the realist republican tradition (Louvre MR 510)
Bust of an unknown citizen in the realist republican tradition (Louvre MR 510)

Crassus belonged to the gens Licinia, which was a respected plebeian family. His father was a famous senator named Publius Licinius Crassus. Crassus did not inherit his massive wealth from his family. Instead, he was raised in modest circumstances and earned his fortune himself. He was known as a talented orator, or public speaker. He was also one of the most energetic advocates in Roman politics. His early life was shaped by the violent civil wars in Rome.

Crassus began his military career under the leader Lucius Cornelius Sulla. During a civil war, Crassus fought in the Battle of the Colline Gate. He commanded the right flank of Sulla's army. His success in crushing the enemy helped Sulla become the master of Rome. This victory gave Crassus a very important political position. He later gained more fame by defeating a slave revolt led by Spartacus. This victory allowed him to serve as a consul. He shared this high office with his rival, Pompey the Great.

Crassus used many methods to amass his enormous fortune. He engaged in property speculation, which means buying land to sell it later. He also made money through silver mines and slave trafficking. One unique method involved the frequent fires in the city of Rome. Crassus created a private fire brigade of 500 men. When a fire broke out, his men would arrive at the scene. Crassus would offer to buy the burning building at a very low price. If the owner agreed, the fire was put out. If the owner refused, the building often burned to the ground.

P. Crassus denarius
P. Crassus denarius

His wealth also grew through the system of proscriptions. During these periods, the government seized the property of political enemies. Crassus was very active in buying this confiscated property at cheap auctions. Some sources say he even added names to these lists to take more wealth. Plutarch notes that Crassus's wealth grew from 300 talents to 7,100 talents. This amount of silver weighed about 229 tonnes. He was known to use fire and war as sources of revenue.

Le supplice de Crassus (Louvre, OA 1761)
Le supplice de Crassus (Louvre, OA 1761)

In his later years, Crassus joined a famous political alliance. This group was known as the First Triumvirate. It consisted of Crassus, Pompey, and Julius Caesar. Together, these three men dominated the Roman political system. They worked as an unofficial group to hold power. However, the alliance was unstable because of the men's personal ambitions. Crassus and Pompey disliked each other and felt great jealousy. Caesar and Crassus remained allies, but the group eventually fell apart.

05 02 IN 0733 Pompejus Magnus front 0
05 02 IN 0733 Pompejus Magnus front 0

After serving as consul again, Crassus became the governor of Roman Syria. He used this position to launch a military campaign against the Parthian Empire. This campaign ended in a disastrous failure. Crassus was defeated at the Battle of Carrhae and died shortly after. His death had a massive impact on the Roman world. His wealth and influence had acted as a balance between Caesar and Pompey. Without Crassus, the alliance between the two leaders unraveled completely. Within four years, Caesar began a civil war against Pompey. The death of one man helped change the course of history.

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File:Bust of an unknown citizen in the realist republican tradition (Louvre MR 510).jpg
Bust of an unknown citizen in the realist...
File:05 02 IN 0733 Pompejus Magnus front 0.png
05 02 IN 0733 Pompejus Magnus front 0.png
File:P. Crassus denarius.jpg
P. Crassus denarius.jpg
File:Le supplice de Crassus (Louvre, OA 1761).jpg
Le supplice de Crassus (Louvre, OA 1761).jpg
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