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Long-tailed duck

life science Maturity 5-7 Next article →

The long-tailed duck (Clangula hyemalis) is a medium-sized sea duck. It plays a vital role in the ecosystems of the far north. These birds primarily breed in the tundra and taiga regions of the Arctic. During the colder months, they migrate to northern coastlines. They inhabit the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans during their wintering period.

Clangula Hyemalis (Long Tailed Duck) 14
Clangula Hyemalis (Long Tailed Duck) 14

This species is unique because it is monotypic. This means it is the only species within its genus, Clangula. The name Clangula is a diminutive of a Latin word meaning "to resound." The specific name, hyemalis, is also Latin and means "of winter." This name reflects their seasonal life cycles.

Long-tailed duck (Clangula hyemalis) breeding male Oppdal
Long-tailed duck (Clangula hyemalis) breeding male Oppdal

Long-tailed ducks have specialized feeding behaviors. They are gregarious, which means they prefer to live in large, social flocks. To find food, they dive into the water to hunt for mollusks, crustaceans, and small fish. While many ducks feed near the surface, these birds can dive much deeper. They use their wings to assist their descent. This technique allows them to reach depths of 20 meters. Some sources, like the Audubon Society Field Guide, suggest they can reach 30 meters.

Clangula Hyemalis (Long Tailed Duck) 14
Clangula Hyemalis (Long Tailed Duck) 14

Physical appearance varies significantly between the sexes and seasons. The male is known for a long, pointed tail. His bill is dark grey with a pink band crossing it. In the winter, the male has a dark cheek patch on a white head. In the summer, his head, neck, and back become dark. The female has a brown back and a shorter, pointed tail. Her appearance also changes, with a dark head in the summer and a white head with a dark crown in the winter.

Long-tailed duck (Clangula hyemalis) breeding male Oppdal
Long-tailed duck (Clangula hyemalis) breeding male Oppdal

Scientific history traces back to the 18th century. The Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus formally described the species in 1758. He originally placed the bird in the genus Anas. He used the name Anas hyemalis for the species. Linnaeus based his work on a 1750 description by George Edwards. Later, in 1819, the English zoologist William Leach created the genus Clangula. He introduced this genus in an appendix regarding John Ross's voyage to find the Northwest Passage.

Clangula Hyemalis (Long Tailed Duck) 14
Clangula Hyemalis (Long Tailed Duck) 14

Naming conventions for the bird have also evolved. In North American English, the bird was once called "oldsquaw." This name fell out of favor because it could be offensive to Native American tribes. Biologists petitioned for a change to protect conservation relationships. In 2000, the American Ornithologists' Union officially adopted "long-tailed duck." The Union noted that this change helped conform to English usage used in other parts of the world.

Long-tailed duck (Clangula hyemalis) breeding male Oppdal
Long-tailed duck (Clangula hyemalis) breeding male Oppdal

The distribution of these ducks covers vast northern territories. They breed in the tundra pools and marshes of Eurasia and North America. Specific regions include Russian Siberia, Kamchatka, Alaska, and northern Canada. They also inhabit the Faroe Islands, Finland, Iceland, and Norway. In winter, they congregate near large bodies of seawater. The Baltic Sea is a critical wintering site. Approximately 4.5 million ducks gather there.

Conservation efforts are necessary because the species is currently vulnerable. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has given them this status. One major threat is their susceptibility to being trapped in gillnets. They are also still hunted across much of their range. Because of these risks, the species is protected under the Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds (AEWA).

Clangula hyemalis MWNH 1029
Clangula hyemalis MWNH 1029
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File:Long-tailed duck (Clangula hyemalis) breeding male Oppdal.jpg
Long-tailed duck (Clangula hyemalis)...
File:Long-tailed Duck (Clangula hyemalis).jpg
Long-tailed Duck (Clangula hyemalis).jpg
File:Clangula hyemalis MWNH 1029.JPG
Clangula hyemalis MWNH 1029.JPG
File:Clangula hyemalis -Iceland -mother and ducklings-8.jpg
Clangula hyemalis -Iceland -mother and...
File:Clangula Hyemalis (Long Tailed Duck) 14.jpg
Clangula Hyemalis (Long Tailed Duck) 14.jpg
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