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Local Hole

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The KBC Void, also known as the Local Hole, is a massive region of space with a low density of matter. This area is an underdensity, meaning it contains less material than the average parts of the universe. Astronomers named this structure after Ryan Keenan, Amy Barger, and Lennox Cowie. These researchers studied the region in 2013. The existence of this void is still a subject of intense scientific debate. It remains a hypothetical and controversial concept in modern cosmology. Understanding this void could help explain how the universe expands.

Scientists propose that the KBC Void is roughly spherical in shape. It is an immense structure, measuring approximately 2 billion light-years across. In scientific units, this diameter is about 600 megaparsecs (Mpc). Despite its name, the void is not completely empty of matter. Our own Milky Way galaxy is located within this region. The Local Group of galaxies is also inside the void. Even the much larger Laniakea Supercluster resides within this underdense area. Our galaxy sits within a few hundred million light-years of the void's center.

The structure may explain a major mystery called the Hubble tension. This tension refers to a disagreement between different measurements of the Hubble constant. The Hubble constant is a value that measures the expansion rate of the universe. Some scientists measure this rate using galactic supernovae and Cepheid variables. These methods yield a value between 72 and 75 km/s/Mpc. However, other data provides a different result. Measurements from the cosmic microwave background and baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO) show a slower rate of 67 to 68 km/s/Mpc.

The KBC Void offers a possible reason for these different numbers. Galaxies located inside a void experience a gravitational pull from the denser areas outside. This external pull creates an outflow effect. This effect can result in a larger local value for the Hubble constant. Some researchers suggest this outflow is the cause of the discrepancy. This idea has been explored through different theories of gravity. One model suggests the effect happens within the context of MOND gravity. This is an alternative to the standard theory of general relativity.

There is significant disagreement regarding whether this void fits current scientific models. Specifically, experts debate its consistency with the ΛCDM model. The ΛCDM model is the standard mathematical framework for understanding the universe. Some researchers, such as Haslbauer et al., argue that voids this large are inconsistent with ΛCDM. Other scientists argue that such voids are actually consistent with the model. This debate keeps the KBC Void at the center of cosmological research.

Recent data has added new layers to this discussion. At the NAM 2025 conference, new baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO) data was presented. This data suggested that a void model is more likely than a void-free model. This comparison was made against Planck cosmology. However, other studies have found no evidence for the void in their observations. Some researchers claim the scale of the underdensity is incompatible with observations. These observations extend beyond the suspected radius of the void.

Despite these disagreements, some parts of the void theory remain strong. Scientists found that an outflow model successfully predicted the bulk flow curve. The bulk flow curve is an important measure of the velocity field in the local universe. This means the way galaxies move matches what the void model predicts. The study of the KBC Void connects many different fields of astronomy. It links the study of local galaxy movements to the largest scales of the entire universe.

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