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Liquorice (confectionery)

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Liquorice is a global confectionery characterized by its distinct flavor and dark color. This specific taste and appearance come from the extract of the roots of the Glycyrrhiza glabra plant.

Rainbow licorice candy
Rainbow licorice candy

While many people associate the treat with a sweet profile, it can also be quite salty. This variety of candy is enjoyed in many different forms across many different cultures. In North America, a distinction is often made between black liquorice and "red liquorice." Red liquorice mimics the shape and chewy texture of traditional liquorice but uses fruit flavors instead of the plant extract.

The manufacturing process for liquorice follows a precise sequence of chemical and physical steps. First, the essential ingredients are dissolved in water and heated to a specific temperature. These ingredients typically include liquorice extract, sugar, and a binder such as starch, flour, gum arabic, or gelatine. Once the mixture becomes a hot liquid, it is poured into specialized molds. These molds are created by impressing holes into a container filled with starch powder to achieve desired shapes.

Red Haribo licorice wheels in an open bag
Red Haribo licorice wheels in an open bag

After the liquid is poured, the sweets are dried. To finish the process, the candy is often sprayed with beeswax to create a shiny surface.

Different regions have developed unique varieties based on local preferences. In the Netherlands, Germany, and Nordic countries, makers often produce salty liquorice, known as salmiak liquorice. This version uses ammonium chloride instead of sodium chloride to provide a salty flavor. In these salty varieties, ammonium chloride can reach concentrations of up to 8%. Even regular liquorice candy may contain up to 2% ammonium chloride, though the high sugar concentration makes the taste less obvious.

Tyrkisk Peber
Tyrkisk Peber

Some manufacturers also use anise oil, which provides a flavor very similar to the liquorice root extract.

The history of liquorice extends back for millennia. It is believed that liquorice extracts were used as sweets originally in China or the Middle East. In England, a significant development occurred in 1614 when Sir George Savile created Pontefract cakes. He produced these by stamping liquorice discs with the image of Pontefract Castle. Later, in 1760, the Dunhill company is credited with transforming liquorice into a modern confection. They achieved this by adding sugar to the recipe, which changed how the treat was consumed.

While liquorice is delicious, it contains powerful natural compounds that require careful consumption. The liquorice root contains glycyrrhizin, a natural sweetener. This substance is over 50 times sweeter than sucrose, which is common table sugar. Because of this potency, consuming large amounts can affect the human body. For example, eating 50 grams or more of liquorice candy every day for just two weeks may increase blood pressure.

A candy stand displaying a large variety of liquorice in Jyväskylä, Finland
A candy stand displaying a large variety of liquorice in Jyväskylä, Finland

Excessive consumption can lead to more serious medical complications. Glycyrrhizin can cause potassium levels in the body to fall. This drop in potassium can trigger abnormal heart rhythms, lethargy, and oedema, which is swelling. In extreme cases, it can lead to congestive heart failure or metabolic alkalosis. One documented case from 2020 involved a man in Massachusetts who consumed a bag and a half of black liquorice daily for several weeks. This led to a fatal heart attack caused by severe hypokalaemia, or low potassium, resulting from high levels of glycyrrhetinic acid.

Today, liquorice remains a diverse field within the world of confectionery. It appears in many forms, from the colorful liquorice allsorts found in the United Kingdom to the dark Negro brand sold in Eastern Europe. Some versions even use activated carbon to achieve their deep black color. Whether it is a long, colorful twist or a small, salty piece, liquorice connects ancient botanical uses with modern food science. It remains a subject of interest for both those who love its unique taste and those who study its chemical properties.

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🖼️ Images & Media (4)
File:Tyrkisk Peber.jpg
Tyrkisk Peber.jpg
File:A candy stand displaying a large variety of liquorice in Jyväskylä, Finland.jpg
A candy stand displaying a large variety...
File:Red Haribo licorice wheels in an open bag.jpg
Red Haribo licorice wheels in an open bag.jpg
File:Rainbow licorice candy.jpg
Rainbow licorice candy.jpg
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