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Lillian Hellman

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Lillian Florence Hellman was a prominent American playwright, prose writer, and screenwriter.

Lillian-Hellman-1939
Lillian-Hellman-1939

She achieved significant success on Broadway through her dramatic works. Her career also included writing screenplays for the film industry. Beyond her literary talent, Hellman was known for her intense political activism. She held strong communist views that shaped her public life and career. These political affiliations eventually led to significant professional challenges during the mid-20th century. Today, her reputation rests primarily on the plays she wrote during her first three decades.

Hellman's professional journey began with practical roles in Hollywood. Around 1930, she worked as a reader for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. In this position, she earned $50 per week. Her task involved writing summaries of novels and periodicals for potential film adaptations. This role allowed her to meet many creative individuals. She later transitioned to a high-paying role as a screenwriter for Goldwyn Pictures. There, she earned $2,500 per week.

The-Children's-Hour-1935-1
The-Children's-Hour-1935-1

She often had to adapt her own stage plays to meet the Motion Picture Production Code. This set of industry rules prohibited certain topics, such as mentions of lesbianism. For her play *The Children's Hour*, she changed the plot to focus on a different type of accusation.

Her theatrical career was defined by several major successes. Her play *The Children's Hour* premiered on Broadway in 1934. It ran for 691 performances and explored the consequences of a false accusation. Another major success was *The Little Foxes*, which opened in 1939.

The-Little-Foxes-Bankhead-1
The-Little-Foxes-Bankhead-1

This play ran for 410 performances and featured Tallulah Bankhead. Hellman also wrote *Watch on the Rhine*, *The Autumn Garden*, and *Toys in the Attic*. She even wrote a screenplay based on her play *The Little Foxes*. This film adaptation starred the famous actress Bette Davis. These works established her as a major force in American drama.

Hellman's personal history was deeply connected to her identity and travels. She was born in New Orleans, Louisiana, into a Jewish family. Her father, Max Hellman, worked as a shoe salesman. During her childhood, she split her time between New Orleans and New York City. She attended New York University and took courses at Columbia University. In 1929, she traveled to Europe and lived in Bonn, Germany. During this time, she experienced antisemitism from a Nazi student group. This event caused her to return to the United States and reflect on her Jewish heritage.

Political involvement was a central part of Hellman's life. She joined the League of American Writers in 1935. She was also an active member of the struggling Screen Writers Guild. Hellman was a member of the Communist Party from 1938 to 1940. She described herself as a "casual member" who mostly attended discussions about books and current events. In 1937, she traveled to Spain to support the anti-Franco forces during the Spanish Civil War. While there, she made a radio broadcast from Madrid. She also signed "An Open Letter to American Liberals" in 1937 to protest certain political investigations.

Her political activism led to a period of intense scrutiny. Between 1947 and 1952, anti-communist campaigns reached a peak in the United States. Hellman appeared before the House Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC). Following this appearance, she was blacklisted by the U.S. film industry. While she continued to work on Broadway during the 1950s, her income dropped significantly because of this blacklist. She had also been romantically involved with Dashiell Hammett, a writer who was also blacklisted for 10 years.

In her later years, Hellman focused on writing memoirs about her life.

Lillian Helman portrait ©Lynn Gilbert 1977
Lillian Helman portrait ©Lynn Gilbert 1977

These books became the subject of intense controversy regarding their accuracy. In 1979, writer Mary McCarthy accused Hellman of lying in her memoirs. McCarthy claimed that even Hellman's smallest words were untruthful. This led to a defamation lawsuit filed by Hellman. During the legal proceedings, investigators found errors in her book *Pentimento*. Other figures, such as Martha Gellhorn, also disputed the accuracy of Hellman's accounts of the Spanish Civil War. Despite these disputes, her early plays remain essential studies in American theater history.

Watch-on-the-Rhine-1941-1
Watch-on-the-Rhine-1941-1
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File:Lillian-Hellman-1939.jpg
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File:The-Little-Foxes-Bankhead-1.jpg
The-Little-Foxes-Bankhead-1.jpg
File:Watch-on-the-Rhine-1941-1.jpg
Watch-on-the-Rhine-1941-1.jpg
File:Lillian Helman portrait ©Lynn Gilbert 1977.jpg
Lillian Helman portrait ©Lynn Gilbert 1977.jpg
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