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Lavandula

life science Maturity 5-7 Next article →

Lavandula is a large genus of flowering plants. It contains 47 known species. These plants belong to the Lamiaceae family, which is also called the sage family.

Hitchin lavender fields
Hitchin lavender fields

Lavender is famous for its beauty and its strong scent. People grow it for many reasons. They use it as ornamental plants in gardens and landscapes. Some use it as a culinary herb in cooking. Many people also grow it to extract essential oils for commercial use.

Lavender cupcakes
Lavender cupcakes

These plants grow in many different ways. Some are annuals, which live for only one year. Others are herbaceous perennials, which live for several years. Some species are small shrubs or subshrubs. The leaves vary greatly between species. Some have simple leaves. Others have leaves that are pinnately toothed or dissected.

Snowshil-Lavender
Snowshil-Lavender

Most leaves are covered in a fine layer of hairs called indumentum. These tiny hairs contain the plant's essential oils. The flowers grow in circles called whorls. These whorls sit on spikes that rise above the foliage. The flowers are often blue, violet, or lilac. They can also be blackish purple or yellowish.

The scent of lavender comes from its chemistry. Lavender oil contains about 93 different phytochemicals. These are natural chemical compounds. Some of the main contents are linalyl acetate, which makes up 30% to 55% of the oil. Linalool is another major part, making up 20% to 35%. Tannins make up 5% to 10%. Caryophyllene accounts for about 8%. Other substances like camphor and limonene are also present in smaller amounts. The exact amount of these chemicals changes depending on the species.

Savons à la lavande au marché d'Apt
Savons à la lavande au marché d'Apt

Humans have studied lavender for a very long time. Some species were known during Roman times. In 1753, Carl Linnaeus published Species Plantarum. He only recognized five species at that time. By 1826, Frédéric Charles Jean Gingins de la Sarraz listed 12 species. By 1848, scientists had identified eighteen species. In 1937, Dorothy Chaytor provided a major modern classification. She proposed six sections for 28 species. She believed many garden varieties were hybrids. These were crosses between true lavender and spike lavender.

Today, scientists use a more complex system to group lavender. There are three main subgenera. Subgenus Lavandula includes mostly woody shrubs. These are the main species used for oils and gardens. Subgenus Fabricia includes many shrubs and herbs. It has a wide distribution from the Atlantic to India. Subgenus Sabaudia includes two species from the Arabian peninsula and Eritrea.

Bee pollen lavender
Bee pollen lavender

The current classification includes 39 species across eight different sections. This system was developed by Upson and Andrews in 2004. Classifying lavender is difficult because the plants cross-pollinate so easily.

Lavender grows best in specific environments. It loves full sun and dry, well-drained soil. Sandy or gravelly soils are ideal. The soil pH should be between 6 and 8. These plants need good air circulation to stay healthy. In areas with high humidity, they may suffer from root rot. This is caused by a fungus infection. Using organic mulch can trap too much moisture. Using crushed rocks or gravelly materials helps prevent this problem.

A small white feeding on a lavender flower
A small white feeding on a lavender flower

The history of the word lavender is very interesting. The English word began to be used in the 13th century. It likely comes from the Old French word lavender. This word comes from the Latin lavare, which means "to wash." This refers to how people used blue infusions of the plant for bathing. Even though we use names like "English lavender," they are not always precise. "English lavender" usually refers to Lavandula angustifolia. Other names like "French" or "Spanish" lavender can refer to several different species.

Lavender meringue (5895316063)
Lavender meringue (5895316063)
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🖼️ Images & Media (9)
File:A small white feeding on a lavender flower.jpg
A small white feeding on a lavender flower.jpg
File:Hitchin lavender fields.jpg
Hitchin lavender fields.jpg
File:Çuxur Qəbələ k - Qəbələ r. lavanda sahəsi.jpg
Çuxur Qəbələ k - Qəbələ r. lavanda sahəsi.jpg
File:Snowshil-Lavender.jpg
Snowshil-Lavender.jpg
File:Bee pollen lavender.JPG
Bee pollen lavender.JPG
File:Lavender cupcakes.jpg
Lavender cupcakes.jpg
File:Lavender meringue (5895316063).jpg
Lavender meringue (5895316063).jpg
File:Bagt figen med lavendelhonning (4983868866).jpg
Bagt figen med lavendelhonning (4983868866).jpg
File:Savons à la lavande au marché d'Apt.jpg
Savons à la lavande au marché d'Apt.jpg
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