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Laundry

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Laundry is the process of cleaning clothing and other textiles. It includes washing, drying, and ironing. This task has been part of human history since people began wearing clothes. Because it is a universal need, different cultures have developed many unique methods. Historically, laundry work was highly gendered. In most cultures, the responsibility fell to women, who were known as laundresses or washerwomen.

Laundry in the river
Laundry in the river

To clean fabric, several mechanical steps must occur in sequence. First, the textiles undergo washing with water and detergents. Agitation is necessary to remove dirt from the fibers. This is often done using a washing paddle or a washing dolly. A washing dolly is a wooden mallet with attached pegs. These tools move the cloth through the water. Next, the clothes are rinsed in clean water. Then, the excess water is removed through wringing or spinning. Finally, the textiles are dried and pressed to remove wrinkles.

Clothes wringer
Clothes wringer

Different types of cleaning environments exist. An individual home might have a dedicated laundry room. An apartment building may provide a shared facility called a tvättstuga. There are also stand-alone businesses known as self-service laundries. In North America, these are called laundromats. In British English, they are called laundrettes.

Laundry in Paris
Laundry in Paris

History shows that laundry began in natural watercourses. People used rivers to let the water carry away stains and smells. They would rub or slap the cloth against flat rocks. These surfaces were sometimes called beetling-stones. Portable washboards eventually replaced these stones. In Europe, villages built communal wash-houses called lavoirs. These structures featured stone basins for washing and rinsing. They provided protection from the rain for the workers.

Brogi, Carlo (1850-1925) - n. 12182 - Sanremo - Popolane al lavatojo
Brogi, Carlo (1850-1925) - n. 12182 - Sanremo - Popolane al lavatojo

Social structures changed alongside laundry technology. In many European villages, the lavoir was a vital social institution. It was a women-only space where people could chat. In fact, the Catalan idiom "fer safareig" means to gossip. The Industrial Revolution brought massive technological shifts. The mangle, or wringer, was developed in the 19th century. It used two rollers and a crank to squeeze water out. This was much faster than twisting clothes by hand.

Mangle-Shorland-TOPMS 3377
Mangle-Shorland-TOPMS 3377

Laundry work has also been tied to migration and labor rights. In the United States and Canada, many Chinese immigrants worked in laundries. Around 1900, one in four ethnic Chinese men in the U.S. worked in this field. In New York City, Chinese people ran about 3,550 laundries at the start of the Great Depression. The Chinese Hand Laundry Alliance fought laws that tried to limit their business. In South Africa, Zulu men held a prestigious role as laundry workers. They even formed a guild to protect their wages.

Model Steam Laundry, Colfax, Washington, circa 1900 - DPLA - 458c069b157ffc5cf13674b5e41957c2
Model Steam Laundry, Colfax, Washington, circa 1900 - DPLA - 458c069b157ffc5cf13674b5e41957c2

Global traditions show how different groups approach the task. In India, laundry was traditionally done by men called dhobiwallah. Their work areas are known as dhobi ghats. In the Philippines, professional laundrywomen were called labanderas. Even in ancient Rome, specialized workers called fullones cleaned cloth. They used a process called posting. This involved standing in tubs to trample cloth with alkaline chemicals.

Old model dress washing rock
Old model dress washing rock

Modern laundry uses complex chemistry to ensure cleanliness. Surfactants in detergents help mobilize dirt from between fibers. Some processes use high temperatures to kill micro-organisms. For delicate fabrics, people use dry cleaning. This process uses a chemical solvent instead of water. The most common solvent is tetrachloroethylene, often called "perc." This method prevents damage to fabrics that cannot handle a machine.

Dry clean rack
Dry clean rack
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🖼️ Images & Media (17)
File:Italian hanging laundry.jpg
Italian hanging laundry.jpg
File:Laundry in Paris.jpg
Laundry in Paris.jpg
File:Laundry in the river.jpg
Laundry in the river.jpg
File:Laundry 1806.PNG
Laundry 1806.PNG
File:Brogi, Carlo (1850-1925) - n. 12182 - Sanremo - Popolane al lavatojo.jpg
Brogi, Carlo (1850-1925) - n. 12182 -...
File:Tanque das Lavandeiras - comunitario II.jpg
Tanque das Lavandeiras - comunitario II.jpg
File:Mangle-Shorland-TOPMS 3377.jpg
Mangle-Shorland-TOPMS 3377.jpg
File:Model Steam Laundry, Colfax, Washington, circa 1900 - DPLA - 458c069b157ffc5cf13674b5e41957c2.jpg
Model Steam Laundry, Colfax, Washington,...
File:Woman's Friend - Indiana State Museum - DSC00433.JPG
Woman's Friend - Indiana State Museum -...
File:Clothes wringer.jpg
Clothes wringer.jpg
File:Old model dress washing rock.jpg
Old model dress washing rock.jpg
File:Washing of clothes traditionally cropped.jpg
Washing of clothes traditionally cropped.jpg

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