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Laos

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Laos, officially the Lao People's Democratic Republic (LPDR), is a nation in mainland Southeast Asia.

Laos (orthographic projection)
Laos (orthographic projection)

It holds a unique geographic position as the only landlocked country in the Southeast Asian region. This means it is entirely surrounded by other nations rather than by an ocean. Laos is bordered by Myanmar and China to the northwest. Vietnam lies to the east, while Cambodia sits to the southeast. Thailand forms the border to the west and southwest.

Location Laos ASEAN
Location Laos ASEAN

The capital and most populous city is Vientiane. The country has a total population of more than 7 million people.

The physical landscape of Laos is dominated by mountains and thick forests.

Mekong River (Luang Prabang)
Mekong River (Luang Prabang)

The Mekong River is a major feature that forms part of the western boundary with Thailand. High mountain ranges also define the borders. The Annamite Range forms much of the eastern border with Vietnam. To the northwest, the Luang Prabang Range marks the border with the Thai highlands. Within the country, the highest peak is Phou Bia. There are also two distinct flat areas known as plateaus. These are the Xiangkhoang Plateau in the north and the Bolaven Plateau in the south.

The climate in Laos is primarily classified as tropical savanna.

Koppen-Geiger Map LAO present
Koppen-Geiger Map LAO present

This weather pattern is heavily influenced by the monsoon system. The year is divided into a rainy season from May to October and a dry season from November to April. Local traditions often describe three distinct seasons: rainy, cool, and hot. Within the dry season, the final two months are typically hotter than the first four. This tropical environment supports diverse wildlife. The forests are home to more than 50 mammal species and nearly 300 bird species.

nam ou 1
nam ou 1

National parks like Nam Et-Phou Louey protect endangered animals like the saola and the northern white-cheeked gibbon.

Human history in Laos reaches back tens of thousands of years.

Muang Khoun - Laos - 01
Muang Khoun - Laos - 01

In 2009, researchers found a human skull in the Tam Pa Ling Cave. This fossil is at least 46,000 years old. It is the oldest modern human fossil ever discovered in Southeast Asia. Later, an agriculturist society emerged, using bronze by 1500 BCE and iron by 700 BCE. Between the 8th and 10th centuries, Tai-speaking tribes migrated into the region. This set the stage for the powerful Lan Xang kingdom, which was founded in the 13th century by Prince Fa Ngum. The name Lan Xang translates to "million elephants."

The Lan Xang era saw significant political shifts and cultural growth.

Vat Nong Sikhounmuang
Vat Nong Sikhounmuang

Fa Ngum established Theravada Buddhism as the state religion. The kingdom served as a major hub for overland trade. However, the kingdom experienced periods of instability and division. In 1707, Lan Xang split into three separate kingdoms: Luang Prabang, Vientiane, and Champasak. In the 19th century, France established a protectorate over these territories. This created the region known as French Indochina. During this colonial period, the Vietnamese population grew significantly in many Lao cities.

The 20th century brought intense political and military changes to the nation.

Local Lao in the French Colonial guard
Local Lao in the French Colonial guard

Laos faced occupation by various powers during World War II, including Japan and Vichy France. The country gained full independence in 1953 as the Kingdom of Laos. This was a constitutional monarchy under Sisavang Vong. However, a civil war broke out from 1959 to 1975. This conflict pitted the Royal Lao Armed Forces against the communist Pathet Lao. The Pathet Lao were supported by China, North Vietnam, and the Soviet Union. The war ended in 1975 with the establishment of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party (LPRP).

Today, Laos is an active participant in international organizations and modern infrastructure.

National Assembly of Laos (11888085666)
National Assembly of Laos (11888085666)

It is a member of ASEAN and the World Trade Organization. The country also belongs to the East Asia Summit and the Asia-Pacific Trade Agreement. Modern transport has improved with the completion of the Boten–Vientiane railway in 2021. This railway connects the capital, Vientiane, to Kunming in China. Laos also protects its cultural heritage through UNESCO World Heritage Sites. These include the town of Luang Prabang, the Vat Phou temple complex, and the Plain of Jars.

ViewFromWatPhu
ViewFromWatPhu

These sites help preserve the deep history of the Lao people.

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🖼️ Images & Media (22)
National Anthem of Laos.ogg
File:Laos (orthographic projection).svg
Laos (orthographic projection).svg
File:Location Laos ASEAN.svg
Location Laos ASEAN.svg
File:Mekong River (Luang Prabang).jpg
Mekong River (Luang Prabang).jpg
File:Koppen-Geiger Map LAO present.svg
Koppen-Geiger Map LAO present.svg
File:Provinces-Laos.svg
Provinces-Laos.svg
File:Local Lao in the French Colonial guard.png
Local Lao in the French Colonial guard.png
File:FrenchLaos1953.png
FrenchLaos1953.png
File:Muang Khoun - Laos - 01.JPG
Muang Khoun - Laos - 01.JPG
File:Vientianne1973.jpg
Vientianne1973.jpg
File:Flag of LPRP.svg
Flag of LPRP.svg
File:National Assembly of Laos (11888085666).jpg
National Assembly of Laos (11888085666).jpg

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