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Kunlun Mountains

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The Kunlun Mountains are one of the longest mountain chains in Asia.

Peak in Kunlun range
Peak in Kunlun range

They form the northern edge of the Tibetan Plateau. This massive range is located in Western China. It sits just south of the Tarim Basin. To the south lies the sparsely populated Changtang region. The mountains stretch from the Pamirs in Tajikistan to Qinghai province. They form a natural boundary for the Taklamakan and Gobi Deserts. In China, these mountains are often called the "Forefather of Mountains."

Geological forces created this vast landscape millions of years ago. The range formed during the Late Triassic period. This occurred when the Cimmerian Plate collided with Siberia. This massive collision resulted in the closing of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean.

Map of Tibet in the 13th century and Central Asian trade routes (cropped)
Map of Tibet in the 13th century and Central Asian trade routes (cropped)

This history shaped the high peaks and deep basins we see today. The mountains act as a major watershed for the continent. For example, the Bayan Har Mountains divide the catchment basins of two major rivers. These are the Yangtze River and the Yellow River.

The Kunlun range consists of several distinct parts and branches. The Altyn Tagh, or Altun Range, is a chief northern range. Its northeastern extension is known as the Qilian Shan. In the south, the range includes the Min Shan. The center of the mountains contains the Arka Tagh. This area features high points like Ulugh Muztagh at 6,973 m and Bukadaban Feng at 6,860 m. In the east, the peaks include Yuzhu Peak and Amne Machin. Amne Machin is the major eastern peak and marks the eastern edge of the range.

Water flows from these high peaks to support life in the lowlands. Several important rivers originate in the Kunlun Mountains. The Karakash River is also called the "Black Jade River." The Yurungkash River is known as the "White Jade River."

Yarkand River in the Western Kunlun Shan, seen from the Tibet-Xinjiang highway
Yarkand River in the Western Kunlun Shan, seen from the Tibet-Xinjiang highway

These rivers flow through the Khotan Oasis. Eventually, they reach the Taklamakan Desert. These water sources are vital for the regions surrounding the mountains.

High elevations define much of the Kunlun landscape. The highest point is the Kunlun Goddess Peak. It is located in the Keriya area of the western mountains. This peak reaches an elevation of 7,167 m. Some authorities suggest the range extends to Kongur Tagh at 7,649 m. Others link it to Muztagh Ata at 7,546 m. However, those mountains are closely linked to the Pamir group. The range is also home to the Kunlun Volcanic Group. This group contains over 70 volcanic cones. These cones are not considered volcanic mountains, but they are very high. The last eruption in this group occurred on May 27, 1951.

Traveling through this 3,000 km long range is quite difficult. The mountains have very few roads. In fact, only two roads cross the entire length. In the west, Highway 219 runs from Yecheng, Xinjiang, to Lhatse, Tibet.

TibBahn1
TibBahn1

Further east, Highway 109 crosses between Lhasa and Golmud. These paths provide the only major connections through the rugged terrain.

The Kunlun Mountains hold deep significance in Chinese culture and mythology. Originally, Kunlun was a mythical mountain in Taoist belief. It was seen as a paradise and a semi-mythical region. The *Classic of Mountains and Seas* describes it as a divine capital. Some legends say it is the center of heaven and earth. It was even described as a staircase to the sky. Many famous myths, such as Chang'e flying to the moon, originate from this mythology. The mountains are considered the ancestral birthplace of the Chinese nation.

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🖼️ Images & Media (4)
File:Map of Tibet in the 13th century and Central Asian trade routes (cropped).jpg
Map of Tibet in the 13th century and...
File:Yarkand River in the Western Kunlun Shan, seen from the Tibet-Xinjiang highway.jpg
Yarkand River in the Western Kunlun Shan,...
File:TibBahn1.jpg
TibBahn1.jpg
File:Peak in Kunlun range.jpg
Peak in Kunlun range.jpg
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