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Knossos

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Knossos is an archaeological site located on the island of Crete.

Crete integrated map-en
Crete integrated map-en

It is considered by many to be the oldest city in Europe. The site has been occupied from the Neolithic period through the ninth century AD. It served as a major center for the Minoan civilization. This civilization is famous for its connection to the Greek myth of Theseus and the minotaur. Today, the site sits on the outskirts of Heraklion. It remains a popular destination for people who want to study ancient history.

The history of the site began during the Pre-Pottery Neolithic period.

Neolithic pottery, AMH, 079001
Neolithic pottery, AMH, 079001

Radiocarbon dating suggests people settled there around 7030 to 6780 BCE. These first occupants likely traveled from Southwestern Anatolia by boat. The initial settlement was a small hamlet of 25 to 50 people. They lived in wattle and daub huts, which are structures made of woven sticks and mud. These people grew crops and kept animals like pigs, dogs, sheep, goats, and small cattle. They used stone tools made from local stones and non-local obsidian.

Knossos - 03
Knossos - 03

As the centuries passed, the settlement grew into a larger village. During the Early Neolithic, between 6000 and 5000 BC, the population reached 200 to 600 people. Residents lived in square houses with mud-brick walls. These walls sat on stone bases called socles. The roofs were flat and made of mud over branches. By the Middle Neolithic, around 5000 to 4000 BC, the village housed 500 to 1000 people. Homes became more private and substantial during this time. A large stone building called the Great House appeared under the later palace area. This building had five rooms and walls one meter thick. It may have been a communal building or a predecessor to the palace.

The Minoan period brought the construction of the monumental Palace of Minos.

Knossos Map-T Just the map
Knossos Map-T Just the map

The earliest parts of this palace were built around 1900 BC. This complex was not just a royal residence. Instead, it served as a religious and administrative center. The palace was continually renovated and expanded for five centuries. It was the largest palace on Crete, covering three acres for the main building. When including separate out-buildings, the total area reached five acres.

KnossosCourt
KnossosCourt

The palace was built using a timber framework of beams and pillars. Large, unbaked bricks formed the main structure. Light-wells and wooden columns helped brighten the internal rooms.

The palace functioned through complex systems of storage and organization.

Pithoi in Knossos
Pithoi in Knossos

The palace stores occupied sixteen different rooms. A main feature of these rooms was the pithoi. These were large storage jars that could reach five feet in height. They were used to hold oil, wool, wine, and grain. For more valuable objects, residents used lead-lined cists. The palace also featured advanced technology for its time. It included bathrooms, toilets, and a drainage system. There was even a theater that could hold 400 spectators. These spaces were likely used for religious dances and public ceremonies.

Wealth at Knossos came from natural resources and international trade. The prosperity was based on goods like oil, wine, and wool.

Delfiny w Knossos
Delfiny w Knossos

Minoan pottery has been found in many distant places. This includes Egypt, Syria, Anatolia, Rhodes, the Cyclades, Sicily, and mainland Greece. The people also decorated their walls with beautiful frescoes. These paintings showed scenes of everyday life and processions. One famous example is the Bull-Leaping Fresco.

Armon Knossos P1060030
Armon Knossos P1060030

Another is the depiction of women in elaborate dresses with flounced skirts. These artworks show a culture that valued art and social ritual.

The palace eventually faced destruction and change. Around 1450 BC, other palaces on Crete were destroyed. This left Knossos as the only surviving palace on the island. During this time, Knossos was likely influenced or ruled by people from the mainland. Greek became the administrative language used there. Around 1350 BC, the palace was destroyed by a fire. This fire caused the upper stories to collapse. It is unknown if this was caused by a natural disaster like an earthquake or something else. The building was never rebuilt, though the town saw a resurgence later. During the Early Iron Age, Knossos became a prosperous and large settlement again.

Monnaie - Drachme, Argent, Cnossos, Crète - btv1b8570697m (2 of 2)
Monnaie - Drachme, Argent, Cnossos, Crète - btv1b8570697m (2 of 2)

Later, it became a Roman colony during the Classical period.

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🖼️ Images & Media (13)
File:Crete integrated map-en.svg
Crete integrated map-en.svg
File:Neolithic pottery, AMH, 079001.jpg
Neolithic pottery, AMH, 079001.jpg
File:Knossos on Amenophis III Temple in Ancient Egyptian.png
Knossos on Amenophis III Temple in...
File:Monnaie - Drachme, Argent, Cnossos, Crète - btv1b8570697m (2 of 2).jpg
Monnaie - Drachme, Argent, Cnossos, Crète...
File:Bronze Ax Messara Crete.jpg
Bronze Ax Messara Crete.jpg
File:Knossos Map-T Just the map.jpg
Knossos Map-T Just the map.jpg
File:Wall painting of grandstand or sacred grove and shrine from Knossos (north end of central court) - London BM - 02.jpg
Wall painting of grandstand or sacred...
File:Armon Knossos P1060104.JPG
Armon Knossos P1060104.JPG
File:Knossos - 03.jpg
Knossos - 03.jpg
File:KnossosCourt.jpg
KnossosCourt.jpg
File:Pithoi in Knossos.jpg
Pithoi in Knossos.jpg
File:Armon Knossos P1060030.JPG
Armon Knossos P1060030.JPG

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