Kediri kingdom

Long ago, a kingdom lived in Java.

It was called Kediri. A king named Airlangga split his land in two. This made the new Kediri kingdom.

The people there loved to write stories. They wrote many great books. The land had rich soil for seeds to grow. This helped the people live well. Kediri was a very special place. It was a time of great wonder.

The Kediri kingdom was a powerful place in East Java.

It lasted from the year 1042 to 1222. A king named Airlangga started it. He split his old kingdom into two parts. One part was named Panjalu, which is also called Kediri.

The name Kediri means to stand tall or be independent.

This kingdom was a center for great writers. They wrote many famous stories and poems. One king named Jayabhaya led a golden age of writing. During this time, the people also traded with far lands. They had links to China and India.

Chinese records show many traders visited the area. Some records say the people were very brave.

Kediri had many different types of land. Some land had rich soil for growing seeds. Other land was wild or hard to farm. The kingdom had a strong navy too. Later, a king named Kritajaya lost his throne. He lost a battle in 1222. This ended the Kediri era and started a new age.

The Kediri kingdom was a strong land in East Java.

It lasted from the year 1042 until 1222. This kingdom was also known as Panjalu or Kadiri. Some people called it Daha after its capital city. The capital was in the Brantas River valley. It was near the modern city of Kediri. The name Daha means "city of fire."

The kingdom grew from the old Kahuripan kingdom. A king named Airlangga decided to split his land in two. He gave the new Panjalu land to his sons. This helped start a new era for the people in Java.

People in Kediri used different kinds of land for their homes. They had Anupa land, which had fertile soil and springs. This land was great for growing many kinds of seeds. They also had Sadarana land, which was sometimes fertile and sometimes not. The third type was Janggala, which was wild or hard to farm. The name Panjalu might mean a fertile and independent area. The name Kediri also means being able to stand alone. It shows that the people were very self-sufficient.

Many great writers lived during this time.

One king named Jayabhaya led a golden age for literature. He ruled from 1135 to 1159. During his reign, writers like Mpu Sedah and Mpu Panuluh wrote famous stories. They wrote poems about old tales like the Mahabharata. These stories were very important to the culture. One book, the Prelambang Joyoboyo, even made many famous predictions. These stories helped shape how people thought and felt.

Kediri was also a major center for trade.

They had links to big lands like China and India. Chinese records from 1178 call the kingdom Pu-chia-lung. Traders from China visited the area very often. The kingdom even controlled important paths for the spice trade. They had a navy to help with their power. A king named Gandra had high officials with animal names. These officials included a navy general called Senapati Sarwwajala.

Eventually, the era of Kediri came to an end. The last king was named Kritajaya. He ruled from 1194 until 1222. In 1222, he fought a big battle at Ganter. He lost the battle to a man named Ken Arok. This loss meant he had to give up his throne. The fall of Kediri started a new time called the Singhasari era.

Even though the kingdom ended, its stories lived on. The tales of love and heroes spread far away. Many people still remember the greatness of this ancient land.

The Kediri Kingdom was a powerful Hindu-Buddhist state located in East Java.

It existed from 1042 until 1222. This kingdom is also known as Panjalu or Kadiri. Some historical sources call it Daha or Dahanapura. The capital city was located in the western Brantas River valley. This area is near the modern city of Kediri. The name Dahanapura actually means "city of fire."

The kingdom grew out of the earlier Kahuripan kingdom. It was a major center for culture and trade in Southeast Asia.

The kingdom began because of a decision by King Airlangga. In 1042, Airlangga divided his kingdom of Kahuripan into two parts. These two parts were Janggala and Panjalu. Panjalu is the name used for the Kediri kingdom. Airlangga chose to abdicate his throne to live as an ascetic. This means he left his royal life to live a simple, spiritual life. He died seven years after making this division. The Marimbong Inscription suggests the Bengawan River served as the boundary between these two new regions.

Ancient Javanese society categorized land into three distinct types. The first type was Anupa. Anupa land had fertile soil and was close to natural springs. This made it perfect for growing many different kinds of seeds. The second type was Sadarana. This land was only fertile in some areas and less fertile in others. The third type was Janggala. Janggala referred to land that was infertile or wild wilderness. The name Panjalu likely comes from the word "Jalu," meaning male. In this context, it described a fertile and independent area.

The name Kediri itself has deep linguistic roots. One theory links it to the Sanskrit word "Khadri." This refers to the India Mulberry tree, or *Morinda citrifolia*. The bark of this tree produces a purplish dye used for batik. Another theory says it comes from the Old Javanese word "kāḍiri." This word means to be able to stand alone or be self-sufficient. Inscriptions from 1185 and 1194 confirm that kings used this name for their realm. This sense of independence was a core part of their identity.

Many different kings ruled Kediri during its long history. Çri Samaravijaya was likely the first king to ascend the throne in 1042. He had previously served as the crown prince under Airlangga. Later, King Jayabhaya ruled from 1135 to 1159. His reign is famous as a golden age for Old Javanese literature. During this time, writers like Mpu Sedah and Mpu Panuluh created great works. They wrote poems like the *Kakawin Bharatayuddha*, which was a Javanese version of the *Mahabharata*. Jayabhaya also left behind the *Prelambang Joyoboyo*, a book of prophecies.

Kediri was also a significant maritime and economic power.

The kingdom maintained trade relations with China and India. Chinese chronicles from 1178 refer to the kingdom as "Pu-chia-lung." By the 13th century, the kingdom controlled important spice trade routes to Maluku. Records show that Kediri even possessed a navy. During the reign of King Gandra, a high official held the title of Senapati Sarwwajala. This title was reserved for navy generals. The kingdom's influence was vast, with many colonies across the Indonesian archipelago.

The era of Kediri ended due to military conflict. The last king was Kritajaya, who ruled from 1194 to 1222. In 1222, he fought the Battle of Ganter. Kritajaya was defeated by a leader named Ken Arok. This defeat caused the loss of Kediri's sovereignty. It also marked the transition from the Kediri era to the Singhasari era.

Although the kingdom fell, its cultural impact remained. The famous Panji stories, which began in this era, spread as far as Siam. The legacy of Kediri lived on through its literature and art.