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Jury

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A jury is a sworn body of people known as jurors. They are brought together to hear evidence and make findings of fact. Their goal is to deliver an impartial verdict to a court. This verdict can decide a person's guilt or set a legal penalty. The jury system is a central part of the English common law system. It is used in many countries like the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada, Australia, and Ireland.

Jury box cropped
Jury box cropped

There are several different types of juries used in legal systems. The most common type is the petit jury, also called a trial jury. This group usually consists of up to 15 people. They listen to evidence from both the plaintiff and the defendant. After the trial, they retire to deliberate on a verdict. A verdict may require a unanimous vote or just a majority. If the group cannot reach a decision, it is called a hung jury.

A grand jury is a much larger group used for different purposes. These juries typically have between 16 and 23 members. They are mostly used in federal courts and some U.S. states. Instead of deciding a trial, they examine evidence from a prosecutor. They decide if there is enough evidence to issue an indictment. An indictment is a formal charge that a criminal trial should proceed. In the United States, the Fifth Amendment guarantees this right for serious crimes.

Other specialized juries exist to handle specific legal needs. A coroner's jury may be called during an inquest by a coroner. A coroner is an official who investigates the circumstances of a death. These juries help increase public confidence in the official's findings. There are also advisory juries used in some courts. These are non-binding groups that provide an opinion to a judge. The judge remains the final decision-maker in these cases.

The history of the jury reaches back to ancient times. In ancient Athens, jury courts existed as early as 500 BCE. These juries used secret ballots to vote on cases. They even had the power to perform judicial review by annulling laws. In the Middle Ages, the modern jury system began to take shape in England. During the reign of Henry II in the 12th century, juries became more systematic. The Assize of Clarendon in 1166 helped spread this practice throughout the country.

Early juries functioned very differently than they do today. They were often "self-informing" groups of local men. This meant they were expected to know the facts before arriving at court. They used their own memories, investigations, or even rumors to understand a case. In 1215, the Catholic Church stopped supporting the use of ordeals. An ordeal was a way to test guilt through physical tests, such as hot metal. Without ordeals, the role of the jury became even more vital for determining truth.

Over hundreds of years, laws were passed to ensure juries remained fair. In 1730, the British Parliament passed the Bill for Better Regulation of Juries. This law required that jury panels be selected by lot, a process called sortition. This prevented officials from choosing only certain people for service. In the American colonies, juries played a major role in political changes. They helped check the power of the government during the American Revolution.

The Jury by John Morgan
The Jury by John Morgan
Jury summons
Jury summons
Jury duty
Jury duty
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File:Jury box cropped.jpg
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The Jury by John Morgan.jpg
File:Jury summons.jpg
Jury summons.jpg
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