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Joan of Arc

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Joan of Arc was a military leader and a patron saint of France. She lived during the Hundred Years' War, a long conflict between England and France. This war began in 1337 over English claims to the French throne. By the time Joan was born, France was politically divided and struggling. The country was split between the Armagnacs and the Burgundians. The Burgundians were a group that allied with the English. This internal division made it easier for England to take control of much French territory.

Jeanne d'Arc - Les vies des femmes célèbres
Jeanne d'Arc - Les vies des femmes célèbres

Joan was born in Domrémy, a small village in northeast France. Her father, Jacques d'Arc, was a peasant farmer and a local official. He collected taxes and led the local watch. Joan grew up doing household chores and helping in the fields. She also spent time spinning wool and looking after animals. Her mother provided her early religious education. During her youth, the war reached her village. In 1425, Domrémy was attacked and cattle were stolen. This violence created a strong desire among villagers to expel the English.

At age thirteen, Joan experienced what she described as divine visions. She identified the figures as the archangel Michael and saints Margaret and Catherine. These visions occurred frequently, often when church bells rang. Joan believed these voices gave her a mission to save France. She claimed the voices told her to help the Dauphin, Charles VII. The Dauphin was the heir to the French throne. At the time, Charles's claim was being challenged by the English and the Burgundians. Joan believed she was the "armed virgin" promised by local prophecies.

Pierre Cauchon-Jeanne Darc manuscript
Pierre Cauchon-Jeanne Darc manuscript

In 1428, Joan began her journey to meet the Dauphin. She first petitioned Robert de Baudricourt in Vaucouleurs for an escort. He refused her several times. However, after a Burgundian raid burned Domrémy in July, Joan returned to Vaucouleurs in 1429. She eventually gained support from two soldiers, Jean de Metz and Bertrand de Poulengy. This support convinced Baudricourt to let her travel to Chinon. Joan traveled with six soldiers and wore men's clothes. She continued to wear these clothes for the rest of her life.

KarlVII
KarlVII

Joan's arrival at the court of Charles VII changed the course of the war. She told Charles her goal was to raise the siege of Orléans. Orléans was a strategically important city on the Loire River. If it fell, the English could attack the rest of Charles's territory. In April 1429, Joan arrived at Orléans with a relief army. She carried a banner to inspire the demoralized French soldiers. Only nine days after her arrival, the English abandoned the siege. This victory was followed by a major win at the Battle of Patay.

Jean-Jacques Scherrer - Jeanne d'Arc, victorieuse des anglais, rentre à Orléans et est acclamée par la population
Jean-Jacques Scherrer - Jeanne d'Arc, victorieuse des anglais, rentre à Orléans et est acclamée par la population

These military successes paved the way for the coronation of Charles VII. The French army advanced to Reims, the traditional site for crowning kings. Joan stood by Charles's side as he was crowned king of France.

BNF NAF 4811, folio 55 verso - couronnement de Charles VII
BNF NAF 4811, folio 55 verso - couronnement de Charles VII

However, her success did not last forever. Joan participated in the unsuccessful siege of Paris in September 1429. She also took part in a failed siege at La Charité in November. These defeats caused the royal court to lose faith in her leadership.

Jeanne d'Arc - Les vies des femmes célèbres
Jeanne d'Arc - Les vies des femmes célèbres

In early 1430, Joan organized volunteers to relieve the city of Compiègne. During this mission, she was captured by Burgundian troops on May 23. The Burgundians were allies of the English. Joan was handed over to the English in November 1430. She was put on trial by Bishop Pierre Cauchon. The charges included heresy and wearing men's clothing. The court declared her guilty, and she was burned at the stake on May 30, 1431. She was only about nineteen years old.

History eventually corrected the verdict of her trial. In 1456, an inquisitorial court reinvestigated the case. They overturned the original verdict and declared it was based on deceit. Today, Joan of Arc is a major national symbol of France. She was canonized as a saint by Pope Benedict XV in 1920. She is also recognized as a patron saint of France. Her life continues to be portrayed in literature, music, and art.

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🖼️ Images & Media (15)
File:Johanna darc dicta puella.jpg
Johanna darc dicta puella.jpg
File:KarlVII.jpg
KarlVII.jpg
File:Jean-Jacques Scherrer - Jeanne d'Arc, victorieuse des anglais, rentre à Orléans et est acclamée par la population.png
Jean-Jacques Scherrer - Jeanne d'Arc,...
File:Coat of Arms of Jeanne d%27Arc.svg
Coat of Arms of Jeanne d%27Arc.svg
File:BNF NAF 4811, folio 55 verso - couronnement de Charles VII.jpg
BNF NAF 4811, folio 55 verso -...
File:Jeanne d'Arc - Les vies des femmes célèbres.jpg
Jeanne d'Arc - Les vies des femmes célèbres.jpg
File:Capture de Jeanne d'Arc - Jules Eugène Lenepveu.jpg
Capture de Jeanne d'Arc - Jules Eugène...
File:Louis Maurice Boutet de Monvel, The Trial of Joan of Arc (Joan of Arc series - VI), c. late 1909-early 1910, NGA 195567.jpg
Louis Maurice Boutet de Monvel, The Trial...
File:Pierre Cauchon-Jeanne Darc manuscript.jpg
Pierre Cauchon-Jeanne Darc manuscript.jpg
File:Vigiles du roi Charles VII 10.jpg
Vigiles du roi Charles VII 10.jpg
File:Monument commémoratif de la réhabilitation de Jeanne d’Arc.jpg
Monument commémoratif de la...
File:Jeanne d' Arc (Eugene Thirion).jpg
Jeanne d' Arc (Eugene Thirion).jpg

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