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Jinul

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Jinul (1158–1210) was a highly influential Korean monk during the Goryeo period. He is widely considered the most important figure in the development of Korean Seon Buddhism. Seon is a specific tradition of Zen practice. Jinul is credited as the founder of the Jogye Order. He achieved this by working to unify many different Buddhist sects. He wanted to turn these separate groups into one cohesive organization. His work helped create a structured way for practitioners to study and meditate together.

Jinul's path to spiritual leadership was unique because of his self-reliance. He was ordained in 1173 at the age of 15. He studied under Seon Master Jonghwi of the Sagulsan School. However, historical records suggest he did not have a single permanent teacher. Instead, he relied heavily on his own intellect and a love for solitude. He used Buddhist scriptures to guide his personal spiritual development. He combined these written instructions with his own Sŏn meditation practices. This allowed him to perfect his formal meditation through study.

His life involved significant travel and many different stages of study. In 1182, Jinul passed a royal examination for monks. This exam qualified him for a high administrative position. He chose to turn down this official role to join the Seon sangha at Bojesa in Pyongyang. He later moved to Cheongwonsa at Changpyeong and then to Bomunsa on Hagasan. During these travels, he studied the entire Tripiṭaka. The Tripiṭaka is a massive collection of Buddhist teachings. This period of study led to a series of spiritual awakenings.

Jinul sought to create a specific type of community for practitioners. He called this movement the "samadhi and prajñā society." The goal of this society was to establish a disciplined group of pure-minded practitioners. These practitioners lived deep in the mountains to focus on their work. He eventually fulfilled this mission by founding Songgwangsa on Jogyesan. This led to the establishment of the Jogye Order. This order taught a comprehensive approach to Buddhism. It included meditation, doctrine, chanting, and formal lectures.

In 1209, Jinul completed a major scholarly work. This book was titled "Excerpts from the Dharma Collection and Special Practice Record with Personal Notes." It served as an extensive exploration of various Chan Buddhism schools in China. The text included detailed commentaries on the writings of the Chinese monk Guifeng Zongmi. Jinul also included his own personal notes within the work. This achievement earned him great respect from the Goryeo government. King Huijong was particularly impressed by his scholarship. The King even ordered that Mount Songgwangsan be renamed Jogyesan to honor Jinul.

Jinul developed profound philosophical concepts that remain important in Korean Buddhism. One central idea is known as Essence-Function. This concept helps explain the relationship between the fundamental nature of reality and how it appears in the world. He also held specific views regarding Nirvana. Jinul viewed Nirvana as a sublime essence that exists within all living beings. He believed this essence is the very nature of a Buddha. According to his teachings, this essence has always been present in every person.

His philosophy emphasized the unchanging nature of the human mind. Jinul taught that the true nature of all people remains constant. He believed that human minds are ultimately numinous and marked by awareness. He argued that this awareness exists even when a person seems to be in a state of delusion. His teachings helped bridge the gap between studying texts and practicing meditation. By connecting doctrine with Sŏn, he created a lasting system for Korean Buddhism. He died in 1210 and received a posthumous title of honor from King Huijong.

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