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Jeremy Bentham

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Jeremy Bentham was an influential English philosopher, jurist, and social reformer.

Jeremy Bentham by Thomas Frye
Jeremy Bentham by Thomas Frye

He is widely recognized as the founder of modern utilitarianism. This is a philosophical system centered on a specific moral principle. Bentham called this the "fundamental axiom" of his work. He believed that the measure of right and wrong is the greatest happiness of the greatest number. This idea suggests that actions should be judged by how much pleasure or happiness they produce. It also considers how much pain or suffering they prevent for the most people possible.

Bentham's philosophy led him to become a political radical. He advocated for many social changes that were uncommon in his time. He supported individual and economic freedoms for all people. He also argued for the separation of church and state and freedom of expression. Bentham believed in equal rights for women and the right to divorce. He was a strong critic of slavery and capital punishment. He also called for the end of physical punishment, including for children. Additionally, he was an early advocate for the rights of animals.

Jeremy Bentham c.1790
Jeremy Bentham c.1790

Bentham was a child prodigy with an extraordinary intellect. He was born in London to a wealthy family. As a toddler, he was found reading a multi-volume history of England. He began studying Latin at the age of three. By age seven, he performed Handel sonatas on the violin. He attended Westminster School and then The Queen's College, Oxford. He completed his bachelor's degree in 1764 and received his MA in 1767. Although he trained as a lawyer and was called to the bar in 1769, he never practiced law. Instead, he focused on criticizing the complexity of the English legal system.

One of Bentham's most famous and detailed projects was the Panopticon.

This was a design for a circular prison building. The idea was inspired by a concept his brother Samuel saw in White Russia. In a Panopticon, a small number of managers could oversee a large workforce. The design allowed guards to watch prisoners without being seen. Because the prisoners did not know when they were being watched, they would regulate their own behavior. Bentham also suggested that prisoners could perform menial labor, such as spinning looms. This would make the prison cheaper to run and provide income.

Bentham spent sixteen years trying to implement the Panopticon. He hoped the government would build it as a National Penitentiary. He even received £2,000 in 1794 for preliminary work on the project. He attempted to secure sites at Battersea Rise and Tothill Fields. However, legal problems and objections from local landowners like the Earl Spencer caused delays. He eventually bought land at Millbank for £12,000 on behalf of the Crown. Despite these efforts, the government did not proceed with his specific design. Bentham eventually settled for a financial compensation of £23,000 for his years of work.

Jeremy Bentham MET 2000.455.2
Jeremy Bentham MET 2000.455.2

Bentham's influence extended to many other areas of public life. He helped create the Thames River Police through the Depredations on the Thames Act 1800. This was the first preventive police force in the country. He also co-founded The Westminster Review in 1823. This journal served the "Philosophical Radicals," a group of his followers. His students and collaborators included many important figures. These included James Mill, John Stuart Mill, and the legal philosopher John Austin. His ideas also helped influence reforms in schools, poor laws, and Parliament.

Jeremy Bentham Auto-Icon
Jeremy Bentham Auto-Icon

Bentham's death in 1832 led to one of the most famous memorials in history. He left instructions for his body to be dissected and then preserved. This preserved figure is known as an "auto-icon," or a self-image. He wanted this to serve as his permanent memorial. The auto-icon is still on public display today. It is located in the entrance of the Student Centre at University College London (UCL). While his direct involvement in founding UCL was limited, he is often called its "spiritual founder." This is because he advocated strongly for the general availability of education.

Jeremy Bentham's Severed Head
Jeremy Bentham's Severed Head

Bentham's legacy remains a central part of Anglo-American philosophy. His work in utilitarianism changed how people think about ethics and law. He challenged the idea of "natural rights," which he famously called "nonsense upon stilts." He preferred laws based on observable human happiness rather than divine origin. His life was dedicated to the idea of reform and the improvement of society. Even his unusual request for an auto-icon ensures that people continue to discuss his life and ideas today.

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🖼️ Images & Media (11)
File:Jeremy Bentham by Thomas Frye.jpg
Jeremy Bentham by Thomas Frye.jpg
File:"Mortal Remains" of Jeremy Bentham, 1832 Wellcome L0007730.jpg
"Mortal Remains" of Jeremy Bentham, 1832...
File:Jeremy Bentham Auto-Icon.jpg
Jeremy Bentham Auto-Icon.jpg
File:Jeremy Bentham Auto-Icon 2020.jpg
Jeremy Bentham Auto-Icon 2020.jpg
File:Jeremy Bentham's Severed Head.JPG
Jeremy Bentham's Severed Head.JPG
File:Jeremy Bentham c.1790.jpg
Jeremy Bentham c.1790.jpg
File:Jeremy Bentham. Etching by G. W. Appleton after R. M. Sully. Wellcome V0000465.jpg
Jeremy Bentham. Etching by G. W. Appleton...
File:Jeremy Bentham MET 2000.455.2.jpg
Jeremy Bentham MET 2000.455.2.jpg
File:Four founders of UCL.JPG
Four founders of UCL.JPG
File:19 York Street, Westminster (1848).jpg
19 York Street, Westminster (1848).jpg
File:Jeremy Bentham House.jpg
Jeremy Bentham House.jpg
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