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Jacob Lawrence

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Jacob Lawrence was a prominent twentieth-century American painter.

Portrait of Jacob Lawrence LCCN2004663191
Portrait of Jacob Lawrence LCCN2004663191

He is celebrated for portraying African-American historical subjects and contemporary life. Lawrence developed a unique artistic style he called "dynamic cubism." This style drew inspiration from European modernism and West African and Meso-American art. He used this approach to bring the African-American experience to life. His work often featured blacks and browns paired with very vivid colors. Through his art, he explored the history and the struggles of his people.

Lawrence’s method often involved creating narrative series. A series is a group of paintings that tells a single story. He began this approach with biographical accounts of important figures from the African diaspora. At age 21, he painted 41 panels about the Haitian general Toussaint L’Ouverture. He later created series about Harriet Tubman and Frederick Douglass. These works used crisp shapes and dynamic patterns to convey meaning. He often used revealing postures and gestures to show emotion. His wife, Gwendolyn Knight, helped him prepare the gesso panels for his paintings. She also contributed to the captions for his multi-painting works.

One of his most significant technical processes involved using tempera. Tempera is a water-based medium that dries very rapidly. Because of this, Lawrence had to plan all his paintings in advance. He applied a single color across all scenes to maintain tonal consistency. He would finish one color before moving to the next. This method helped his large series feel unified and rhythmic. This careful planning allowed him to manage complex stories across many panels. His ability to work with this limited medium created remarkable color harmonies.

His most famous achievement is "The Migration Series." This set consists of 60 panels completed between 1940 and 1941. It depicts the Great Migration of African Americans from the rural South to the urban North. This series brought Lawrence national recognition at age 23. He became the first African-American artist represented by a New York gallery. The series was purchased jointly by two major institutions. The Phillips Collection in Washington, D.C., holds the odd-numbered paintings. The Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) in New York holds the even-numbered paintings.

Lawrence’s life was shaped by the environment of Harlem.

He was born in Atlantic City, New Jersey, in 1917. After moving to Harlem, he attended classes at the Utopia Children's Center. He later studied at the Harlem Art Workshop under Charles Alston. The sculptor Augusta Savage also played a key role in his training. She secured him a scholarship to the American Artists School. He also held a paid position with the Works Progress Administration. Harlem provided essential training for many Black artists in the United States.

"Douglass argued against poor Negroes leaving the South" - NARA - 559103
"Douglass argued against poor Negroes leaving the South" - NARA - 559103

During World War II, Lawrence served in the United States Coast Guard. He worked as a public affairs specialist on the USCGC Sea Cloud. This was the first racially integrated crew in the Coast Guard. He produced 48 paintings while documenting the war, but these works were lost. After the war, he received a fellowship from the Guggenheim Foundation. In 1949, he spent eleven months at Hillside Hospital in Queens. During this time, he created his "Hospital Series." These works focused on the emotional states of the patients.

Lawrence also explored American history through his "Struggle" series. This 30-panel work was produced between 1954 and 1956. It depicted historical scenes from 1775 to 1817. Instead of traditional titles, he labeled each panel with a quote. The series included references to the 1954 Army-McCarthy hearings. It also highlighted neglected figures, such as Margaret Cochran Corbin. Due to the politics of the 1950s, the series was not bought by a museum. Instead, it was sold to a private collector. Some panels were lost, while others were only rediscovered recently in 2017, 2020, and 2021.

Beyond painting, Lawrence was a dedicated educator and author. He spent 16 years as a professor at the University of Washington. He also taught at Black Mountain College and the New School for Social Research. Lawrence used his art to create books for children. He illustrated works about Harriet Tubman and Aesop's Fables. His art remains in many prestigious permanent collections. These include the Metropolitan Museum of Art and the Whitney Museum. His 1947 painting "The Builders" is even displayed in the White House.

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File:"Douglass argued against poor Negroes leaving the South" - NARA - 559103.jpg
"Douglass argued against poor Negroes...
File:Jacob Lawrence demonstration at Lincoln School - NARA - 559174.jpg
Jacob Lawrence demonstration at Lincoln...
File:Portrait of Jacob Lawrence LCCN2004663191.jpg
Portrait of Jacob Lawrence LCCN2004663191.jpg
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