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Jackson's chameleon

life science Maturity 5-7 Next article →

Jackson's chameleon, also known as the three-horned chameleon, is a unique species of lizard. It belongs to the family Chamaeleonidae. These animals are arboreal, meaning they live primarily in trees and woody plants. They are native to the woodlands and wet forests of East Africa. However, they have also been introduced to places like Hawaii, Florida, and California. Understanding these lizards helps scientists learn about how species move between different environments.

Chamaeleo jacksonii
Chamaeleo jacksonii

The name of this lizard tells a story about its appearance and history. The genus name, Trioceros, comes from two Greek words. "Tri" means three, and "keras" means horns. This refers to the three distinct horns found on the heads of males. The specific name, jacksonii, honors Frederick John Jackson. He was an English explorer and the first Governor of Kenya. The Belgian-British zoologist George Albert Boulenger first described the species in 1896.

Tjxantholophus
Tjxantholophus

Males of this species have a very specific physical look. They possess three brown horns that look like those of a Triceratops dinosaur. One horn is called the rostral horn and sits on the nose. The other two are called preocular horns. These sit above the superior orbital ridges, which are the bones above the eyes. Females generally do not have these horns. They might only have small traces of the rostral horn.

Starr-120312-3686-Psidium guajava-branches with Jacksons chameleon-Enchanting Floral Gardens of Kula-Maui (24841956880)
Starr-120312-3686-Psidium guajava-branches with Jacksons chameleon-Enchanting Floral Gardens of Kula-Maui (24841956880)

There are three recognized subspecies of Jackson's chameleon. The first is the nominate subspecies, T. j. jacksonii. The second is the dwarf Jackson's chameleon, known as T. j. merumontanus. This small subspecies is endemic to Mount Meru in the Arusha Region of Tanzania. The third is the yellow-crested Jackson's chameleon, or T. j. xantholophus. This is the largest subspecies. It was introduced to Hawaii in 1972 and has established populations on all main islands.

Tjxantholophus
Tjxantholophus

These lizards have a special way of reproducing called ovoviviparity. Most chameleons are oviparous, which means they lay eggs. However, Jackson's chameleons give birth to live young. The babies hatch from an egg sac inside the mother first. This happens after a gestation period of five to six months. A mother can give birth to between eight and thirty live young. The dwarf subspecies, T. j. merumontanus, typically has only five to ten babies.

Chamaeleo jacksonii
Chamaeleo jacksonii

Jackson's chameleons are active hunters known as cruise foragers. This means they hunt by moving around rather than waiting in one spot. Their diet consists mostly of small insects like grasshoppers, beetles, and dragonflies. They also eat spiders, centipedes, and millipedes. In Hawaii, they have become an invasive species because they eat native animals. They prey on land snails, including the critically endangered O'ahu tree snail. They are known to swallow these snails whole, including the shells.

Starr-120312-3686-Psidium guajava-branches with Jacksons chameleon-Enchanting Floral Gardens of Kula-Maui (24841956880)
Starr-120312-3686-Psidium guajava-branches with Jacksons chameleon-Enchanting Floral Gardens of Kula-Maui (24841956880)

In the wild, these lizards live in specific climates. In East Africa, they live in areas where rainfall is seasonal. Daytime temperatures are typically 25°C, while night temperatures are around 15°C. In Hawaii, they prefer wet and shady places at altitudes of 600 to 1,200 meters. When kept in captivity, they require high humidity. They also need cooler temperatures at night to stay healthy. Without the right environment, they can develop eye or respiratory infections.

Starr-120312-3686-Psidium guajava-branches with Jacksons chameleon-Enchanting Floral Gardens of Kula-Maui (24841956880)
Starr-120312-3686-Psidium guajava-branches with Jacksons chameleon-Enchanting Floral Gardens of Kula-Maui (24841956880)
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File:Tjxantholophus.JPG
Tjxantholophus.JPG
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File:Chamaeleo jacksonii.jpg
Chamaeleo jacksonii.jpg
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