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Ivy Lee

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Ivy Lee was a foundational figure in the development of modern public relations.

Ivy Lee
Ivy Lee

Public relations, or PR, is the professional practice of managing how an organization communicates with the public. Lee did not just want to send messages to people. He believed in a "two-way street" approach. This meant that companies should listen to the public as much as they speak to them. He argued that PR practitioners have a responsibility to the public that goes beyond their duties to a client. This philosophy helped transform how large corporations and governments interact with society.

Lee's career began with a deep background in journalism and political organization. He was born in 1877 near Cedartown, Georgia. His father, James Wideman Lee, was a Methodist minister and an author. Ivy Lee studied at Emory College and later graduated from Princeton University. Before entering the PR field, he worked as a reporter for major newspapers. These included the New York Times and the New York World. In 1905, he co-founded the firm Parker and Lee. This agency focused on accuracy, authenticity, and interest. He later established his own consulting firm, Ivy Lee & Associates, in 1919.

One of Lee's most important contributions was the creation of crisis communications. This is the process of managing information during a sudden, difficult event. In 1906, a major train wreck occurred in Atlantic City.

1906AtlanticCityTrainWreck
1906AtlanticCityTrainWreck

After this event, Lee persuaded a railroad company to share information with journalists immediately. This allowed the company to provide facts before rumors spread. Many historians consider this the first modern press release. By providing direct information, Lee helped organizations manage their reputations during emergencies.

Lee also changed how the world viewed powerful industrial families. In 1914, he was hired by John D. Rockefeller Jr. to represent the Rockefeller family and Standard Oil. The family was facing intense public anger following the Ludlow Massacre in Colorado. This was a violent conflict involving striking coal miners and their families. Lee advised the Rockefellers to take a more human approach. He encouraged Rockefeller Jr. to visit Colorado personally. The goal was to meet with miners, inspect their living conditions, and listen to their grievances. This strategy helped present a more humanized version of the wealthy family to the public.

Throughout his career, Lee advised a massive range of clients and industries. He worked with major railroads like the Pennsylvania and the Union Pacific. He also provided counsel to the steel, automobile, tobacco, and rubber industries. His influence extended to banks, public utilities, and foreign governments. During World War I, he served as a publicity director for the American Red Cross. He even worked with the German company IG Farben. This work became complicated when the Nazi government took power in Germany in 1933. The U.S. Congress later investigated his work with IG Farben before his death in 1934.

Beyond communication, Lee influenced how people manage their daily work. He famously advised the Bethlehem Steel Corporation on how to increase productivity. He suggested that managers should list their most important tasks every night. They should then work on these tasks in order of importance. A person should not move to a new task until the current one is finished. This became known as the "Ivy Lee Method." It emphasizes focus and discourages multitasking. Charles M. Schwab, the head of Bethlehem Steel, reportedly paid Lee $25,000 for this advice. In today's money, that is roughly $400,000.

Today, the impact of Ivy Lee is visible in many different fields. His ideas about honesty are summarized in a famous, though possibly apocryphal, quote. It suggests that companies should tell the truth because the public will eventually find out anyway. His methods for managing reputation are still used by major corporations. His productivity system is still taught to people looking to improve their efficiency. From the way news is released to the way leaders handle mistakes, Lee's influence remains a core part of modern society.

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