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Italo Calvino

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Italo Calvino was a highly influential Italian novelist and short story writer. He achieved great international fame during his lifetime. His work was admired in Britain, Australia, and the United States. At the time of his death in 1985, he was the most translated contemporary Italian writer. Calvino is remembered for his unique way of looking at the world through literature. His most famous works include the *Our Ancestors* trilogy, written between 1952 and 1959. He also wrote the short story collection *Cosmicomics* in 1965. Other notable novels include *Invisible Cities*, published in 1972, and *If on a winter's night a traveler* in 1979.

Calvino's upbringing was deeply connected to the natural world. He was born in 1923 in Santiago de las Vegas, Cuba. His parents were both scientists. His father, Mario Calvino, was a tropical agronomist and botanist. His mother, Eva Mameli, was also a botanist and a university professor. In 1925, the family moved to Sanremo on the Ligurian coast of Italy. They lived at the Villa Meridiana, which was an experimental floriculture station. This station served as their home and a place for scientific study.

The lush environment of his childhood heavily influenced his writing. Mario Calvino pioneered the cultivation of exotic fruits like avocado and grapefruit. The vast forests and rich wildlife of this estate became a recurring theme in Calvino's fiction. For example, his book *The Baron in the Trees* draws from this botanical legacy. Calvino and his brother Floriano often spent hours perched in the branches of trees reading adventure stories. However, his relationship with his father was complex. In his memoir, *The Road to San Giovanni*, Calvino described how difficult it was for them to communicate.

Calvino's family held strong political and social beliefs. His parents were secular and practiced a form of humanitarian Socialism. They were also influenced by anarchism and Marxism. They refused to provide their sons with a religious education. This upbringing made Calvino very tolerant of different religious opinions later in life. He remembered how difficult it was to be mocked for his own lack of religious conformity. During his secondary schooling at the Liceo Gian Domenico Cassini, he often had to justify his views to others.

World War II forced Calvino to make significant life changes. He originally enrolled in the Agriculture Faculty at the University of Turin in 1941. He chose this field to please his family, even though he secretly wanted to be a playwright. As the war progressed, the political situation in Italy became dangerous. In 1943, he transferred to the University of Florence. When the Germans occupied Liguria, Calvino refused to serve in the mandatory military. Instead, he joined the Italian Resistance to fight for what he believed was natural justice.

As a partisan soldier, Calvino used the nom de guerre "Santiago." He was a member of the Garibaldi Brigades, which was a clandestine Communist group. He spent twenty months fighting in the Maritime Alps until the Liberation in 1945. This period of conflict had a heavy cost for his family. Because he refused military service, his parents were held hostage by the Nazis. Calvino later wrote about his mother's incredible courage during her detention. This experience deeply connected his literary ambitions to his political commitments.

After the war, Calvino settled in Turin, a city known for its strong anti-Fascist stance. He made the decision to abandon agriculture and study the Arts instead. He was introduced to the literary world by the novelist Elio Vittorini. Vittorini published Calvino's short story, "Gone to Headquarters," in the magazine *L'intellettuale*. This magazine aimed to restore Italy's place in the European cultural mainstream. Calvino became a member of the Italian Communist Party and was active in the worker's movement. He eventually moved to Tuscany, where he died in 1985. He is buried in the garden cemetery of Castiglione della Pescaia.

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