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Italians

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Italians are an ethnic group and a nation native to the Italian geographical region. They share a common culture, history, ancestry, and language.

PCA of Italians and European and Mediterranean populations
PCA of Italians and European and Mediterranean populations

It is important to distinguish between different groups of people. Ethnic Italians include people of Italian descent who may not hold Italian citizenship. In contrast, Italian nationals are citizens of the country of Italy. This distinction is based on legal status rather than just family history.

The Italian language is a Romance language from the Indo-European family. It evolved from Vulgar Latin, which was the spoken form of Latin used by common people. While Italian is the official language, many people speak regional or minority languages. UNESCO identifies approximately 30 native languages in Italy. These are distinct languages, even though people often incorrectly call them "Italian dialects."

Dante03
Dante03

Many Italians also feel a strong attachment to their specific local towns or regions. This is often described as regionalism or municipalism.

The name "Italia" has ancient roots and several possible origins. Some believe the name came from the Greek word for "land of calves." Others link it to a legendary King named Italus. In ancient times, the Greeks used the term to describe only the southern part of the peninsula. Over time, the name expanded to include larger areas like Lucania and Calabria. By the Roman era, the historian Cato the Elder described Italy as the entire peninsula south of the Alps.

The Pantheon
The Pantheon

Ancient history shows a transition from many tribes to a unified Roman power. Before the 3rd century BCE, the peninsula was divided into different ethnic territories. The Latins, with Rome as their capital, eventually dominated the region by 218 BCE. After a long struggle against Carthage, Rome conquered Sicily, Sardinia, and Corsica. In 88 BCE, following the Social War, Rome granted citizenship to all fellow Italic peoples. This helped unify the various groups under Roman rule.

Lupa Capitolina, Rome
Lupa Capitolina, Rome

The fall of the Western Roman Empire led to many different rulers. In 476 CE, the Germanic general Odoacer became the first king of Italy.

Coin of Odoacer at the British Museum (obverse)
Coin of Odoacer at the British Museum (obverse)

Later, the Lombards invaded and conquered most of the peninsula. In central Italy, the popes established the Papal States in 756. By the 11th century, Italian cities began to grow in independence. Cities like Venice, Florence, and Genoa became powerful maritime republics. These cities were centers for banking, trade, and politics.

Marco Polo Mosaic from Palazzo Tursi
Marco Polo Mosaic from Palazzo Tursi

The Renaissance was a period of incredible growth in arts and science. This movement began in Florence during the 14th century. It led to a flourishing of literature, music, and technology. During the Age of Discovery, Italian explorers changed the map of the world. Christopher Columbus sailed to the New World, while John Cabot reached Newfoundland.

Ridolfo del Ghirlandaio - Ritratto di Cristoforo Colombo (1520)
Ridolfo del Ghirlandaio - Ritratto di Cristoforo Colombo (1520)

Amerigo Vespucci demonstrated that the New World was a new continent. Because of his work, the Americas were named after him.

Amerigo Vespucci (with turban) - cropped
Amerigo Vespucci (with turban) - cropped

Modern Italy was shaped by the desire for unification and independence. After Napoleon Bonaparte's influence in the early 1800s, many Italians wanted a united country. Nationalist movements led by reformers like Giuseppe Mazzini gained strength. This eventually led to the establishment of the modern Kingdom of Italy in 1861. Today, the Italian diaspora is massive due to migrations following unification and the World Wars. Over 5 million Italian citizens live outside Italy. More than 80 million people worldwide claim Italian ancestry.

Map of the Italian Diaspora in the World
Map of the Italian Diaspora in the World

Large communities exist in Brazil, Argentina, the United States, and France.

Map of regions with Little Italys
Map of regions with Little Italys
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🖼️ Images & Media (47)
File:Lupa Capitolina, Rome.jpg
Lupa Capitolina, Rome.jpg
File:Coin of Odoacer at the British Museum (obverse).png
Coin of Odoacer at the British Museum...
File:Marco Polo Mosaic from Palazzo Tursi.jpg
Marco Polo Mosaic from Palazzo Tursi.jpg
File:Leonardo self.jpg
Leonardo self.jpg
File:Ridolfo del Ghirlandaio - Ritratto di Cristoforo Colombo (1520).jpg
Ridolfo del Ghirlandaio - Ritratto di...
File:Amerigo Vespucci (with turban) - cropped.jpg
Amerigo Vespucci (with turban) - cropped.jpg
File:Alcide De Gasperi anni 50.jpg
Alcide De Gasperi anni 50.jpg
File:Esule con tricolore - Esodo giuliano-dalmata.png
Esule con tricolore - Esodo giuliano-dalmata.png
File:PCA of Italians and European and Mediterranean populations.png
PCA of Italians and European and...
File:European-middle-neolithic-en.svg
European-middle-neolithic-en.svg
File:Femmes peucètes dansant, fresque.jpg
Femmes peucètes dansant, fresque.jpg
File:Iron Age Italy-la.svg
Iron Age Italy-la.svg

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