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Islamic mythology

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Islamic mythology consists of the narratives and beliefs associated with Islam and the Quran. While Islam often prioritizes social order, law, and practical application, these traditional stories remain deeply significant. Scholars use the term "myth" in various ways. In academic discourse, a myth can be a story that defines a culture's fundamental worldview. It is not necessarily viewed as a falsehood. Instead, it can be a narrative that a culture regards as true.

Islamic cosmology
Islamic cosmology

Islamic mythology is generally categorized into two distinct types: cosmogony and eschatology. Cosmogony refers to myths concerning the creation and origins of the universe. This includes cosmology, which is a culture's specific story of how the universe is structured. These stories explain the origin of people and the early placement of humans in the world. Eschatology is the "discourse about the last things." It deals with the end of the world, the day of judgment, and the concepts of heaven and hell. These stories address the ultimate purpose of human life.

Israfel blowing nafir
Israfel blowing nafir

Creation myths in Islam are rooted in the Quran. They are expanded upon through hadiths, which are recorded traditions. Other sources include Arabic and Persian writings, histories known as Qiṣaṣ al-anbiyāʾ, poetry, and mystical writings. While Islam assimilated some African and Asian beliefs through syncretism, it reshaped these accounts. The central teaching remains that a single monotheistic God, Allah, created everything. This means all beings, especially humans, are expected to serve God alone.

Islamic cosmology
Islamic cosmology

The Quran does not present the creation of the world as one continuous story. Instead, it uses various passages to illustrate specific messages. The text mentions that God created the heavens and the earth in six days. Some verses specify that the earth was created in two days. Four days are mentioned for providing mountains and nutrients. Two more days are noted for creating the seven heavens. Some critics find the arithmetic of these days confusing. However, many commentators argue that the word "day" (youm) refers to an era or a long period of time.

Islamic cosmology
Islamic cosmology

In the Quranic account, the heavens and the earth were originally joined as one unit. Afterward, they were "cloven asunder" or split apart. God then created the earth's landscape and placed the sky above it as a roof. He also established the orbits of the sun and moon to create day and night cycles. Regarding the creation of life, the jinn were the first inhabitants of the earth. They fought among themselves until an army of angels was sent against them. Adam was then created to be the successor to the jinn on earth.

Biblioteka Czartoryskich 3885 II, rękopis Safran 93 fol 38v The angels face Adam
Biblioteka Czartoryskich 3885 II, rękopis Safran 93 fol 38v The angels face Adam

The creation of mankind involves a significant interaction between God and the angels. When God announced He would place a "vice-regent" on earth, some angels questioned the decision. They expressed concern that humans might cause corruption or shed blood. Some traditions suggest the angels felt superior to humans in terms of knowledge. God responded by stating He knows what they do not. Eventually, God commanded the angels to bow before Adam. Most complied, but Iblis refused. This refusal led to his status as a devil.

Biblioteka Czartoryskich 3885 II, rękopis Safran 93 fol 38v The angels face Adam
Biblioteka Czartoryskich 3885 II, rękopis Safran 93 fol 38v The angels face Adam

Adam is recognized in Islam as both the first human and the first prophet. He and his wife lived in the Garden of Eden. They ate from the forbidden Tree of Eternity, which resulted in them being sent to dwell on earth. This event is often used to explain the existence of both good and evil. Because humans possess free will, they have the ability to produce good, even if disobedience created evil. Some traditions state that God forgave Adam and his wife during their lives. These narratives connect the origins of humanity to the broader themes of divine law and human responsibility.

Siyer-i Nebi 298a
Siyer-i Nebi 298a
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File:Israfel blowing nafir.jpg
Israfel blowing nafir.jpg
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