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Iraq War

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The Iraq War was a long and complex armed conflict. It took place in Iraq between 2003 and 2011.

Iraq-War-Map
Iraq-War-Map

Some people also call it the Second Gulf War. The conflict began when a coalition of countries led by the United States invaded Iraq. Their primary goal was to overthrow the Ba'athist government. This government was led by the ruler Saddam Hussein. The war fundamentally changed the political landscape of the Middle East. It also had lasting effects on international law and global politics.

The invasion followed years of tension between Iraq and the international community. After the Gulf War, the United Nations passed several resolutions. These resolutions demanded that Iraq eliminate its weapons of mass destruction, or WMDs. WMDs are highly dangerous weapons, such as chemical or biological arms.

WeaponsInspector
WeaponsInspector

Iraqi officials often obstructed the work of these inspectors. In 1998, the Iraqi government stopped cooperating with inspectors entirely. The United States then made removing Saddam Hussein an official part of its foreign policy. This was formalized through the Iraq Liberation Act.

In the early 2000s, the United States government built a case for war. Following the September 11 attacks, the Bush administration debated invading Iraq.

Rumsfeld-Memo-HowStart
Rumsfeld-Memo-HowStart

The administration claimed that Iraq possessed WMD stockpiles. They also suggested that Saddam Hussein supported the group al-Qaeda.

Colin Powell anthrax vial. 5 Feb 2003 at the UN
Colin Powell anthrax vial. 5 Feb 2003 at the UN

However, these claims were later found to be incorrect. The 9/11 Commission found no credible link between Iraq and al-Qaeda. Furthermore, UN inspectors found no evidence of WMD stockpiles in the country. This led to widespread criticism of the decision to invade.

The military phase began on March 20, 2003. The United States was joined by the United Kingdom, Australia, and Poland.

GROM DN-SD-04-01612
GROM DN-SD-04-01612

The coalition started with a massive bombing campaign known as "shock and awe." This was followed by a large-scale ground invasion.

USMarineTankinBaghdad
USMarineTankinBaghdad

Coalition forces successfully defeated the Iraqi military and toppled the Ba'athist regime. Saddam Hussein was eventually captured in 2003. He was later executed in 2006. This marked the end of the initial phase of the invasion.

After the fall of the regime, Iraq entered a period of great instability. The removal of the government created a power vacuum. A power vacuum occurs when a leadership structure disappears, leaving no one in control. This lack of order led to a sectarian civil war. This was a conflict between different religious groups within Iraq. Specifically, it involved the Shia majority and the Sunni minority. An insurgency also developed, where local groups fought against the coalition forces and the new government.

Iraq 2003 occupation
Iraq 2003 occupation

To address the growing violence, the United States implemented a "troop surge" in 2007. This involved deploying an additional 170,000 troops to Iraq.

Bush surge announcement jan 2007
Bush surge announcement jan 2007

The goal was to stabilize different parts of the country. While this helped some areas, the war remained very deadly. Estimates suggest that between 150,000 and over one million people died. This includes more than 100,000 civilians. The conflict caused massive loss of life and significant social damage. The US officially withdrew its combat troops in 2011 under President Barack Obama.

Bremer signs Iraqi Sovereignty Transfer document, 2004 June 28
Bremer signs Iraqi Sovereignty Transfer document, 2004 June 28

The war had several long-term consequences for the world. The political instability contributed to the rise of the Islamic State. This extremist group began a new insurgency in 2014.

Islamic State of Iraq
Islamic State of Iraq

This led to further conflict known as the War in Iraq from 2013 to 2017. The war also changed the reputations of several world leaders. For example, British Prime Minister Tony Blair saw his standing diminish. The war remains a significant study in how military intervention affects global stability and international law.

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🖼️ Images & Media (51)
File:U.S. Army Element, Multi-National Force Iraq Should Sleeve Insignia.jpg
U.S. Army Element, Multi-National Force...
File:Seal of United States Forces - Iraq.svg
Seal of United States Forces - Iraq.svg
File:Coat of arms (emblem) of Iraq 1991-2004.svg
Coat of arms (emblem) of Iraq 1991-2004.svg
File:Iraqi Republican Guard Symbol.svg
Iraqi Republican Guard Symbol.svg
File:Fedayeen Saddam SSI.svg
Fedayeen Saddam SSI.svg
File:Rumsfeld-Memo-HowStart.jpg
Rumsfeld-Memo-HowStart.jpg
File:WeaponsInspector.JPG
WeaponsInspector.JPG
File:Colin Powell anthrax vial. 5 Feb 2003 at the UN.jpg
Colin Powell anthrax vial. 5 Feb 2003 at...
File:London anti-war protest banners.jpg
London anti-war protest banners.jpg
File:Iraq-War-Map.png
Iraq-War-Map.png
File:U.S. Marines with Iraqi POWs - March 21, 2003.jpg
U.S. Marines with Iraqi POWs - March 21, 2003.jpg
File:USMarineTankinBaghdad.jpg
USMarineTankinBaghdad.jpg

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