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Inuktitut

language culture Maturity 11-13 Next article →

Inuktitut is one of the principal Inuit languages of Canada. It is spoken across the northern regions of the country. These areas include parts of Newfoundland and Labrador, Quebec, and the Northwest Territories. It is also spoken in Nunavut. For many Inuit, Inuktitut is a vital way to express feelings and maintain a cultural identity. While some people use the term Inuktitut to describe a specific language, others use the term Inuktut. Inuktut is a broader term that refers to all Inuit languages collectively. This includes Inuktitut and Inuinnaqtun.

Inuktitut
Inuktitut

The language has a very complex and rich structure. Inuktitut is an agglutinative and polysynthetic language. This means that speakers add many small pieces, called morphemes, to a central root word. These pieces are called suffixes. A single word in Inuktitut can express an idea that would require a whole sentence in English. For example, the word "qangataqsuukkuvikmiutujuq" describes the action of having to go to the airport. This long word is built by adding suffixes to the root for "to raise in the air." Other suffixes are added to indicate a "group," an "enormous" size, a "dative singular" ending, and the "obligation" to act. This system is highly regular and can include as many as 700 different suffixes in some dialects.

Inuktitut
Inuktitut

Inuktitut is spoken in many distinct dialects. In Nunavut, the South Baffin dialect is widely heard. Much of the Inuktitut media is produced in Iqaluit, the territorial capital. This makes the South Baffin dialect very influential. In Nunavik, Quebec, the dialect is slightly different from the Nunavut versions. The people there often call their language Inuktitut, but it is developing its own standardized forms. In Labrador, the Nunatsiavut dialect has its own unique history. It was once spoken across northern Labrador. This dialect has a separate literary tradition and its own writing system. The people of this region call their language Nunatsiavummiut.

Inuktitut
Inuktitut

The history of Inuktitut has changed significantly due to contact with Europeans. Before this contact, Inuktitut was solely an oral language. Inuit learned through participation and example. They used the language to describe all natural features and traditional practices. Later, missionaries from the Anglican and Roman Catholic churches provided formal education. These teachers used Inuktitut for instruction and helped create writing systems. However, the situation changed in 1928 when the first residential school for Inuit opened. English became the main language of instruction. After World War II, officials pushed for English use in schools, work, and even on playgrounds. They believed English was necessary for finding jobs.

Inuktitut
Inuktitut

By the 1960s, attitudes toward the language began to shift. Many people argued that knowledge is best shared in a person's mother tongue. This led to the creation of bilingual schools. In 1969, most Inuit voted to replace federal schools with local programs. These new programs taught content in Inuktitut, English, and French. Legal recognition for the language has grown over the decades. In 1984, Inuktitut became an official language in the Northwest Territories. When Nunavut was created in 1999, it also recognized Inuktitut as an official language. In 2005, Nunatsiavut made Inuktitut its government language.

Inuktitut
Inuktitut

There are different ways to write Inuktitut. Some people use Canadian Aboriginal syllabics, which are special symbols. Others use the Latin alphabet, which uses letters similar to English. In the 1970s, Moravian missionaries developed a Latin-based alphabet for Greenland. They later brought this system to Labrador in the 1800s. In September 2019, a new unified writing system called Inuktut Qaliujaaqpait was adopted. This system was created by the organization Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami. It uses the Latin alphabet without special marks called diacritics. This makes it easier to type on electronic devices. It does not replace syllabics, but it provides a standard for all regions.

Inuktitut
Inuktitut

Today, the preservation of Inuktitut is a major goal for many communities. In Nunavut, schools have implemented immersion programs for children. These programs help students learn in Inuktitut from an early age. There are also training centers, such as Pirurvik in Iqaluit. These centers aim to train new instructors to teach in different local dialects. According to the 2016 Canadian census, 70,540 individuals identify as Inuit. Of these, 37,570 reported Inuktitut as their mother tongue. While some dialects face challenges, the use of the language in Nunavut has stopped declining and may even be increasing.

Inuktitut
Inuktitut
719 words

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