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Imhotep

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Imhotep was a highly influential figure in ancient Egyptian history. He served as a chancellor to the Pharaoh Djoser during the 3rd Dynasty. A chancellor is a high-ranking official who assists a ruler. Imhotep also held the position of high priest for the sun god Ra at Heliopolis.

Imhotep JE 49889
Imhotep JE 49889

While very little is known about his actual life, his legacy grew immensely over time. In the 3,000 years following his death, he was gradually transformed into a deity. He became one of fewer than twelve non-royal Egyptians to be worshipped as a god.

Historians confirm Imhotep was a real person through specific archaeological evidence. Two contemporary inscriptions from his lifetime exist on the base of a statue of Djoser.

Imhotep JE 49889
Imhotep JE 49889

Another piece of evidence is a graffito found on the enclosure wall of Sekhemkhet's unfinished step pyramid. This inscription suggests Imhotep outlived Djoser by a few years. He likely assisted in the construction of King Sekhemkhet's pyramid before it was abandoned. Imhotep also held a unique and mysterious title: *bity sensen* or *bity senwy*. This translates to "the King of Lower Egypt, the two brothers." This title is highly speculative and could mean he was a twin brother to the Pharaoh. If he was not a blood relative, he may have been a very close childhood friend or confidant.

Imhotep is most famous for his possible contributions to Egyptian architecture. Many Egyptologists credit him with designing the Step Pyramid at Saqqara.

Sakkara, la pyramide LCCN2017656975
Sakkara, la pyramide LCCN2017656975

This massive structure was built during the 3rd Dynasty. Before this period, kings were typically buried in flat tombs called mastabas. Imhotep may have also pioneered the use of stone columns to support buildings. However, the Egyptians of his own time did not credit him with these inventions. While stone elements like lintels and flooring appeared sporadically in earlier periods, the Step Pyramid was the first large-scale stone building. The historian Manetho later claimed Imhotep invented stone-dressed building methods during Djoser's reign.

Over many centuries, Imhotep's status evolved from a human official to a demigod.

An invocation to I-em-hetep, the Egyptian deity of medicine. Wellcome V0018149
An invocation to I-em-hetep, the Egyptian deity of medicine. Wellcome V0018149

During the New Kingdom, his veneration was distinct from offerings made to ordinary people. His cult eventually became centered in the city of Memphis. In later traditions, Imhotep was equated with the god Thoth. Thoth was the patron of mathematics, architecture, writing, and medicine. Because of this connection, Imhotep's cult was eventually merged with the cult of Thoth. He was also revered in Thebes as a "brother" to another deified architect named Amenhotep, son of Hapu.

Imhotep's reputation as a healer became a major part of his legend. Even though there is no evidence he was a physician in life, he was worshipped as a god of medicine.

An invocation to I-em-hetep, the Egyptian deity of medicine. Wellcome V0018149
An invocation to I-em-hetep, the Egyptian deity of medicine. Wellcome V0018149

The first written references to his healing abilities appeared during the Thirtieth Dynasty. This was roughly 2,200 years after his death. The ancient Greeks recognized his importance and equated him with their own god of health, Asklepios. Some modern scholars even suggest Imhotep provided the oldest identified written diagnosis of cancer. However, his recorded therapy for the disease was simply that there was no cure.

Many legends were created to explain Imhotep's life and family. Some traditions claim his mother was a mortal named Khereduankh. Other stories suggest his mother was the goddess Sekhmet, the patron of Upper Egypt. The Upper Egyptian Famine Stela tells a legend about a seven-year famine during Djoser's reign. According to this text, Imhotep was instrumental in ending the drought. Another story from a 2nd-century AD papyrus describes Imhotep as the son of the god Ptah. This text includes more fantastical elements, such as Imhotep fighting an Assyrian sorceress in a magical duel.

Imhotep remains a significant figure in both history and popular culture. His idealized image as an instigator of Egyptian culture lasted well into the Roman period. Even today, his name appears in modern films, such as the 1932 and 1999 versions of *The Mummy*. Despite his fame, the exact location of his tomb remains unknown to researchers. He represents a rare example of a mortal whose influence shaped the religious and scientific ideas of many different civilizations over thousands of years.

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🖼️ Images & Media (3)
File:Imhotep JE 49889.png
Imhotep JE 49889.png
File:Sakkara, la pyramide LCCN2017656975.jpg
Sakkara, la pyramide LCCN2017656975.jpg
File:An invocation to I-em-hetep, the Egyptian deity of medicine. Wellcome V0018149.jpg
An invocation to I-em-hetep, the Egyptian...
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