Human

We are all humans.

We live in almost every part of the world. Humans have big brains that help us think. We can make smart tools to help us work.

We also like to talk and live in groups. We can eat many kinds of plants and meat.

Most humans look very similar to each other. We are very special! Do you like to learn new things?

Humans are a type of primate. We are also called Homo sapiens. This name means "wise man."

Humans have large, complex brains. Our brains have a part called the prefrontal cortex. This part helps us think in high ways. We can use language to talk. We can also use art and trade.

We evolved in Africa a long time ago. Homo sapiens appeared about 300,000 years ago. Early humans were hunter-gatherers. This means they hunted animals and gathered plants. Later, people started farming. This led to permanent homes and cities.

Humans are very social. We live in many groups like families. We also live in large political states. We can eat many kinds of food. This makes us omnivores.

Most humans are very similar. Two people are 99% the same in their genes. We live in almost every part of the world. There are over 8.3 billion humans today.

Humans are a type of primate known as Homo sapiens. This name means "wise man" or "knowledgeable man."

We are the most widespread species of primates on Earth. Our bodies are built for walking on two legs. We also have large brains that help us solve problems. These brains allow us to create tools and use complex language. Because we are so smart, we live in many social groups. These groups can be small families or large political states. We follow social norms and rituals to help our societies work well.

Our brains have a special part called the prefrontal cortex. This area is used for higher thinking and deep reasoning. It helps us remember things and understand our own thoughts. Humans can also use facial expressions to show how we feel. We can imagine things that are not there and plan for the future. This ability helps us pass knowledge down to the next generation. We use this intelligence to trade goods and create beautiful art.

This way of living gives us a big advantage.

Humans first appeared in Africa about 300,000 years ago. We evolved from earlier species like Homo erectus.

Early humans moved out of Africa in different waves. One wave happened around 130,000 to 100,000 years ago. A second wave happened around 70,000 to 50,000 years ago.

As we traveled, we settled in many new places. We reached Australia about 65,000 years ago. We arrived in the Americas around 15,000 years ago. Eventually, humans lived on almost every part of the world.

For a long time, humans were hunter-gatherers. We moved around to find food and plants.

This changed about 12,000 years ago with the Neolithic Revolution. This was the invention of farming and agriculture. People began to stay in one place and grow crops. They also started to domesticate animals for help. This led to extra food and the first permanent settlements.

Soon, great civilizations like Egypt and Sumer rose to power. They built cities and even invented writing.

All humans are very similar in their biology. On average, two humans are over 99% similar in their genes.

Most of our differences come from our environment or our genes. Some people have different hair colors or body sizes. Men often have more body strength than women. Women usually have a higher body fat percentage and live longer.

Even with these differences, we are all part of one species. Today, there are over 8.3 billion humans living on Earth.

Humans are members of the species Homo sapiens, a name meaning "wise man" or "knowledgeable man."

As primates, we are the most widespread and abundant species in our biological group. Humans are defined by several key physical and mental traits. We practice bipedality, which is the ability to walk upright on two legs. We also possess large, complex brains that allow for advanced tool use and culture. These traits enable us to build highly social structures. These structures range from small kinship networks to massive political states.

Our intelligence is driven by a highly developed prefrontal cortex. This is the region of the brain responsible for higher cognition, or complex thinking. This area allows for episodic memory and self-awareness. It also enables a "theory of mind," which is the ability to understand that others have their own thoughts. Humans can use flexible facial expressions to communicate. We can engage in introspection, which is the act of looking inward at our own private thoughts. This mental depth allows us to use imagination and volition to influence our environment.

Human evolution is a complex process of biological change. We belong to the family of apes, sharing a lineage with gibbons, orangutans, gorillas, and chimpanzees. The last split between humans and the chimpanzee-bonobo lineage occurred around 8 to 4 million years ago. During this time, our ancestors underwent a chromosomal change. While other apes have 24 pairs of chromosomes, humans have only 23 pairs. This happened because two chromosomes joined together to form chromosome 2. We evolved from the genus Australopithecus into the genus Homo.

The genus Homo emerged through various species over millions of years. The earliest record is a 2.8 million-year-old specimen from Ethiopia. Species like Homo habilis and Homo rudolfensis appeared by 2.3 million years ago. Homo erectus evolved about 2 million years ago and was the first to leave Africa. Homo sapiens specifically emerged in Africa at least 300,000 years ago. We migrated out of Africa in at least two major waves. The first wave occurred between 130,000 and 100,000 years ago. The second, known as the Southern Dispersal, happened around 70,000 to 50,000 years ago.

As humans migrated, they settled across almost every continent. We reached Eurasia 125,000 years ago and Australia around 65,000 years ago. Humans arrived in the Americas approximately 15,000 years ago. Eventually, humans reached remote islands like Hawaii and New Zealand between 300 and 1280 CE. For most of our history, we lived as hunter-gatherers. This changed about 12,000 years ago during the Neolithic Revolution. This was the invention of agriculture, which allowed for permanent settlements.

Agriculture led to food surpluses and the rise of early civilizations. In the 4th millennium BCE, an urban revolution created city-states in Mesopotamia. Sumerian cities developed cuneiform, the earliest known form of writing, around 3000 BCE. Other major civilizations included Ancient Egypt and the Indus Valley. These groups traded and invented technologies like the wheel and the plow.

Humans also developed complex systems of mathematics and astronomy. These advancements allowed for massive projects, such as the Great Pyramid of Giza. Over time, civilizations rose and fell due to factors like drought or conflict.

Biologically, humans show both great similarity and interesting variation. On average, two humans are more than 99% genetically similar. The most genetically diverse populations are found in Africa. Variation occurs in body size, mental abilities, and disease susceptibility. There is also significant variation between males and females. For example, men generally have greater body strength. Women often have a higher body fat percentage and live longer lifespans.

Despite these differences, we remain a single, highly connected species. As of 2026, the human population exceeds 8.3 billion people.