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Henry George

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Henry George was a prominent American political economist, social philosopher, and journalist.

Henry George I. W. Taber Portrait Trim Edit
Henry George I. W. Taber Portrait Trim Edit

He lived during the 19th century and became a major figure in American reform movements. George is most famous for creating an economic philosophy called Georgism. This philosophy suggests that individuals should own the value they produce through their own labor. However, Georgism argues that the economic value of land and natural resources belongs to all members of society. He believed that a single tax on land values could create a more productive and just world.

George's economic ideas focused on a specific mechanism to solve social inequality. He argued that much of the wealth created by technological progress is captured by landowners through economic rent. Economic rent is the profit earned from owning land without performing any active work. George believed that as society improved, land values rose, which often benefited only a few people. He proposed a land value tax to address this issue. This tax would target the value of the land itself rather than the improvements made to it. This system would allow people to keep the value of their own buildings and investments.

His philosophy addressed several different types of economic issues and reforms. Beyond land taxation, George defended the concept of free trade to allow for better economic exchange. He also advocated for the use of a secret ballot to protect the integrity of voting. George believed that public utilities and transportation should be provided at marginal cost. He suggested this could be achieved by capturing the land rent uplift caused by these services. Furthermore, he supported Pigouvian taxation, which is a tax intended to correct negative side effects of economic activities. He also promoted the public ownership of natural monopolies to prevent unfair control by private interests.

George's life was marked by significant personal struggle and travel.

George de Forest Brush - Henry George - NPG.67.53 - National Portrait Gallery
George de Forest Brush - Henry George - NPG.67.53 - National Portrait Gallery

Born in Philadelphia in 1839, he was the second of ten children. He left formal education at age 14 and worked as a foremast boy on a ship. He traveled to Melbourne and Calcutta before eventually arriving in the American West in 1858. In San Francisco, he worked as a type setter and married Annie Corsina Fox in 1861. The couple faced extreme poverty, and George even had to beg for food at one point. These personal experiences with hardship helped shape his views on social justice.

His career in journalism provided the platform for his most influential ideas.

Henry George, Esq. 1878
Henry George, Esq. 1878

He worked as a printer and managing editor for the San Francisco Times. In 1868, he wrote a popular article titled "What the Railroads Will Bring Us." In this piece, he argued that railroad construction would mainly benefit wealthy owners while leaving many in poverty. His most significant achievement was the 1879 publication of his book, *Progress and Poverty*. This treatise investigated the paradox of why poverty increases even as technology and economies progress. The book was a massive success, selling over three million copies worldwide.

George also attempted to implement his ideas through direct political action.

Henry George Taking A Tumble 1886
Henry George Taking A Tumble 1886

He ran for Mayor of New York City in 1886 as the United Labor Party nominee. In that election, he received 31 percent of the vote and finished ahead of Theodore Roosevelt. He ran again in 1897 as the Jefferson Democracy nominee, receiving 4 percent of the vote. He died during this second campaign in October 1897. Despite his death, his ideas continued to influence political leaders and organizations in the United States and other English-speaking nations.

The significance of George's work is noted by many historians and economists.

Henry George with Anna and Henry George, Jr. circa 1897
Henry George with Anna and Henry George, Jr. circa 1897

The mid-20th century economist George Soule called him the most famous American economic writer. Soule noted that George's books likely had a larger worldwide circulation than any other work on economics. His ideas helped spark various reform movements during the Progressive Era. Even his family members contributed to his legacy, such as his son, Henry George Jr., who served as a United States Representative from New York. George's life remains a study of how personal experience can drive global economic thought.

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🖼️ Images & Media (10)
File:Henry George with Anna and Henry George, Jr. circa 1897.jpg
Henry George with Anna and Henry George,...
File:Henry George I. W. Taber Portrait Trim Edit.jpg
Henry George I. W. Taber Portrait Trim Edit.jpg
File:Henry George, Esq. 1878.jpg
Henry George, Esq. 1878.jpg
File:Henry George Taking A Tumble 1886.jpg
Henry George Taking A Tumble 1886.jpg
File:Henry George Schaidner Portrait 1897 Edit Crop.jpg
Henry George Schaidner Portrait 1897 Edit Crop.jpg
File:Henry George Funeral EM McKay.jpg
Henry George Funeral EM McKay.jpg
File:Grave of Henry George (Green-Wood Cemetery) 01.JPG
Grave of Henry George (Green-Wood Cemetery) 01.JPG
File:Everybody works but the vacant lot (cropped).jpg
Everybody works but the vacant lot (cropped).jpg
File:George de Forest Brush - Henry George - NPG.67.53 - National Portrait Gallery.jpg
George de Forest Brush - Henry George -...
File:Landlords Game board based on 1924 patent.png
Landlords Game board based on 1924 patent.png
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