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Hebrew language

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Hebrew is a Northwest Semitic language within the Afroasiatic language family.

Frank-ruehl
Frank-ruehl

It is a regional dialect of the Canaanite languages. It is the only Canaanite language still spoken today. Hebrew is also one of only two Northwest Semitic languages with contemporary speakers. The other language in this category is Aramaic. For many people, Hebrew is known as Lashon Hakodesh, which means "the holy language." This name reflects its deep importance in Judaism and Samaritanism. It serves as the primary liturgical language for these groups.

Sefer-torah-vayehi-binsoa
Sefer-torah-vayehi-binsoa

The history of Hebrew is marked by a unique cycle of use and revival. In the Iron Age, it was the spoken language of the kingdoms of Israel and Judah. This period lasted from about 1200 to 586 BCE. During the Babylonian captivity around the 6th century BCE, the language began to change. It eventually ceased to be a regular spoken language between 200 and 400 CE. This decline happened partly after the Bar Kokhba revolt against the Roman Empire. During this time, Aramaic and Greek became more common international languages.

Even when it was not a daily spoken language, Hebrew remained vital. It survived into the medieval period through specific uses. It was used for Jewish liturgy and rabbinic literature. It also functioned as a language for intra-Jewish commerce. Poets used it to write beautiful literature. The first dated book printed in Hebrew appeared in 1475 in Reggio, Italy. This shows how the written word kept the language alive for centuries.

Aleppo Codex Joshua 1 1
Aleppo Codex Joshua 1 1

Scholars divide the history of Hebrew into several distinct stages. Archaic Biblical Hebrew, or Paleo-Hebrew, was used from the 10th to the 6th century BCE. This stage includes texts like the Song of Moses. Standard Biblical Hebrew flourished from the 8th to the 6th centuries BCE. This is the dialect used in much of the Hebrew Bible. Late Biblical Hebrew appeared from the 5th to the 3rd centuries BCE. It adopted the Imperial Aramaic script.

Rashiscript
Rashiscript

Other stages include Dead Sea Scroll Hebrew from the 3rd century BCE to the 1st century CE. This is also called Qumran Hebrew. Later, Mishnaic Hebrew emerged between the 1st and 4th centuries CE. This stage is used in the Mishnah and the Talmud. The script also evolved from the Imperial Aramaic style into the Hebrew square script. This square script is known as ketav Ashuri, or Assyrian script. This is the same script used by many today.

עברית handwritten form
עברית handwritten form

A major turning point occurred in the 19th century. The rise of Zionism led to a full-scale linguistic revival. Eliezer Ben-Yehuda led the effort to create a modern version of the language.

Eliezer Ben-Yehuda at his desk in Jerusalem - c1912
Eliezer Ben-Yehuda at his desk in Jerusalem - c1912

This is the only successful large-scale example of linguistic revival in history. Modern Hebrew, or Ivrit, became the main language of the Yishuv in Palestine. It is now the official language of the State of Israel.

Academy of the Hebrew Language
Academy of the Hebrew Language

The numbers behind Hebrew usage show its global reach. In 1998, there were an estimated five million speakers. By 2013, that number rose to over nine million people. The United States has the second largest Hebrew-speaking population. There are approximately 220,000 fluent Hebrew speakers in the United States. Today, the language connects many fields. Archaeologists study ancient inscriptions to understand the Middle East. Linguists and theologians also study it to explore ancient civilizations and religious texts.

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1 QIsa example of damage col 12-13.jpg
File:Silwan-inscr.jpg
Silwan-inscr.jpg
File:Sefer-torah-vayehi-binsoa.jpg
Sefer-torah-vayehi-binsoa.jpg
File:Rashiscript.PNG
Rashiscript.PNG
File:Шабатна кибритна кутија - Shabbat matchbox holder.jpg
Шабатна кибритна кутија - Shabbat...
File:Aleppo Codex Joshua 1 1.jpg
Aleppo Codex Joshua 1 1.jpg
File:Cochin Jewish Inscription.JPG
Cochin Jewish Inscription.JPG
File:Eliezer Ben-Yehuda at his desk in Jerusalem - c1912.jpg
Eliezer Ben-Yehuda at his desk in...
File:Annava165.jpg
Annava165.jpg
File:Hebkeyboard.JPG
Hebkeyboard.JPG
File:Academy of the Hebrew Language.JPG
Academy of the Hebrew Language.JPG
File:עברית handwritten form.jpg
עברית handwritten form.jpg

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