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Harold Godwinson

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Harold Godwinson was the final crowned Anglo-Saxon king of England. He ruled for a very short time in 1066. His reign began on January 6 and ended on October 14. That year changed English history forever. Harold was a member of the House of Godwin. This was one of the most powerful noble families in England.

Harold II 1066
Harold II 1066

His father, Godwin, was the Earl of Wessex. An earl is a high-ranking nobleman who governs a large area. Harold eventually took over his father's role after Godwin died in 1053.

Harold's early life involved many duties and responsibilities. He served as the Earl of East Anglia. This role helped him defend against threats from Norway. He also had a relationship with Edith the Fair. This union was known as *more danico*. This means it was done in the Danish manner. Most people in England accepted this type of marriage.

Bosham Church Tower
Bosham Church Tower

Harold also held the family seat at a manor called Bosham. He was a skilled military leader. In 1055, he drove back groups from Wales. He also led successful campaigns against Gruffydd ap Llywelyn between 1062 and 1063.

A famous and debated event happened in 1064. Harold was shipwrecked at Ponthieu in France. He was captured by Count Guy I of Ponthieu. Later, Duke William of Normandy arrived and took Harold into his company. During this time, Harold reportedly rescued two of William's soldiers from quicksand. After this, the Bayeux Tapestry says Harold swore a holy oath to William. He touched sacred relics to show his support for William's claim to the throne.

Bayeux Tapestry scene23 Harold sacramentum fecit Willelmo duci
Bayeux Tapestry scene23 Harold sacramentum fecit Willelmo duci

Some historians disagree on whether this oath actually happened.

In late 1065, King Edward the Confessor fell into a coma. Edward died childless on January 5, 1066. Before he died, he may have asked Harold to protect the kingdom. The Witenagemot was a group of important leaders in England. They met and chose Harold to be the next king. He was likely the first English monarch crowned at Westminster Abbey.

Harold Godwinson 02
Harold Godwinson 02

This coronation happened on January 6, 1066.

Harold faced massive challenges almost immediately after his coronation. Duke William of Normandy began preparing an invasion. William built about 700 warships and transports for this purpose. He also claimed that Harold had broken his sacred oath. This helped William gain support from many nobles and even the Pope. While William waited for good winds, a different threat arrived from the north. Harald Hardrada, the King of Norway, invaded England in September 1066.

Harold II 1066
Harold II 1066

Harold had to act very quickly to defend his land. He led his army on a forced march from London to Yorkshire. He reached the north in only four days. On September 25, his forces met the invaders at the Battle of Stamford Bridge. Harold won a decisive victory in this battle. Both Harald Hardrada and Harold's own brother, Tostig, were killed in the fighting. However, this victory left Harold's army exhausted and far from the south coast.

Only two weeks after the battle in the north, William's fleet landed at Hastings. Harold marched his tired army back down to the south. The two sides met at the Battle of Hastings on October 14, 1066. This was the decisive battle of the Norman Conquest. The fighting was intense and lasted throughout the day.

Bayeux Tapestry scene57 Harold death
Bayeux Tapestry scene57 Harold death

Harold was killed during the battle. This allowed William the Conqueror to take the throne. The end of Harold's reign marked the end of Anglo-Saxon rule in England.

Harold stone
Harold stone
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File:Bayeux Tapestry scene23 Harold sacramentum fecit Willelmo duci.jpg
Bayeux Tapestry scene23 Harold...
File:Harold II 1066.jpg
Harold II 1066.jpg
File:BayeuxTapestryScene52b.jpg
BayeuxTapestryScene52b.jpg
File:Bayeux Tapestry scene57 Harold death.jpg
Bayeux Tapestry scene57 Harold death.jpg
File:Harold stone.JPG
Harold stone.JPG
File:Bosham Church Tower.JPG
Bosham Church Tower.JPG
File:Harold Godwinson 02.jpg
Harold Godwinson 02.jpg
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