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Gulf of Guinea

geography Maturity 5-7 Next article →

The Gulf of Guinea is a major part of the tropical Atlantic Ocean. It is located along the coast of West Africa. The region begins at Cape Lopez in Gabon. From there, it stretches northwest toward Cape Palmas in Liberia. The coastline includes the Bight of Benin and the Bight of Bonny. Many large rivers flow into these waters. The Niger River and the Volta River are two major rivers that drain into the gulf.

This area holds a unique point on our planet. Null Island is located within the gulf. This is the place where the Equator and the Prime Meridian meet. This intersection is defined as zero degrees latitude and zero degrees longitude. The name "Guinea" is used for this region. Some believe it came from a local name for the area. In the past, the term described different parts of the African coast. It once referred to "Upper Guinea" in the north and "Lower Guinea" in the east. Today, the name appears in Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, and Equatorial Guinea. It is also found in Papua New Guinea in Melanesia.

Several islands are scattered throughout the Gulf of Guinea. Some islands form a southwest-to-northeast chain. This chain is part of the Cameroon line of volcanoes. The island of Bioko is part of this volcanic region. It sits off the coast of Cameroon under the sovereignty of Equatorial Guinea. Other islands include Annobón, which is also part of Equatorial Guinea. There are also the small islands of Elobey Grande and Elobey Chico. Bobowasi Island is located off the west coast of Ghana.

The nation of São Tomé and Príncipe is located in the gulf. It is a Portuguese-speaking island nation. It became independent from Portugal in 1975. The country consists of two main islands. These islands are located off the northwestern coast of Gabon. They sit about 100 kilometers and 150 kilometers apart. Both islands belong to an extinct volcanic mountain range. The larger island, São Tomé, sits just north of the Equator.

Maintaining maritime security is a complex task for 18 sovereign states. Many different groups work to keep the waters safe. The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) is one group. The Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS) is another. There is also the Gulf of Guinea Commission (GGC). These organizations try to manage many different maritime crimes. These crimes include drug trafficking and illegal oil-bunkering. In oil-bunkering, thieves attack vessels to steal oil. They then sell this oil in local and international markets.

Illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing is a severe problem. This happens when fishing is not managed by national rules. IUU fishing causes overfishing. This depletes the fish stocks that local people rely on for food. In 2000, reports showed 212,800 tons of fish were caught. By 2012, this number rose by 9 percent to 232,200 tons. This rise in fishing activity creates many social and economic problems. It can even lead to more piracy and human trafficking.

Crime in the gulf has serious human consequences. Between 2018 and 2019, kidnappings of crew members rose by 50 percent. The region now accounts for 90 percent of global kidnappings at sea. About 92 percent of hostage-taking in Africa happens here. Some workers on illegal boats face very hard conditions. They may work for months without seeing land. These workers often have poor food and little hygiene. Some are even paid in "trash fish," which is by-catch. This lack of resources can lead to more violence and piracy.

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