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Great Plains

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The Great Plains is a vast expanse of flatland in North America.

This region forms the western part of the Interior Plains. It stretches from the Rocky Mountains in the west toward the east. The region covers much of the central United States and western Canada.

On the Great Plains, Kansas, 294 miles west of Missouri River. (redo 2016)
On the Great Plains, Kansas, 294 miles west of Missouri River. (redo 2016)

Most of the land consists of prairie, steppe, and grassland. This environment is shaped by a semi-arid climate. Because it is dry, trees do not grow easily across the landscape. This lack of trees allows for far-reaching views across the plains.

The physical structure of the plains is quite complex. The land consists of nearly horizontal strata, which are layers of rock. These layers extend from the 97th meridian west to the Rocky Mountains. While the altitude increases gradually toward the mountains, the local relief is small. This means the surface is mostly level with few large hills. However, the plains are not a simple, uniform unit. They show various stages of erosional development. Erosion is the process where wind or water wears away the earth. This process has created features like buttes, escarpments, and valleys.

Geographers divide the plains into several distinct sections based on latitude. The Northern Great Plains sit north of latitude 44 degrees. This area includes eastern Montana, Wyoming, and the Dakotas. It also includes parts of Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba in Canada.

Plains Bison Buffalo (14958327875)
Plains Bison Buffalo (14958327875)

In this section, the land features a gradual ascent and occasional rugged escarpments. The Black Hills in western South Dakota are a major exception. They rise like a large island from the plains.

Scotts Bluff National Monument - Nebraska (14417716146)
Scotts Bluff National Monument - Nebraska (14417716146)

These hills have a dome-like structure made of igneous and metamorphic rocks.

The Intermediate Great Plains lie between latitudes 44 and 42 degrees. This section includes southern South Dakota and northern Nebraska. A famous feature here is the Badlands. The Badlands are a minutely dissected landscape with small relief. This shape is caused by the dry climate and fine-textured Tertiary strata. Without a thick grassy turf, every small rainstorm carves tiny valleys.

MinnesotaPrairie
MinnesotaPrairie

The erosion here is very elaborate and creates a unique, rugged appearance.

The Central Great Plains are located between latitudes 42 and 36 degrees. This area includes eastern Colorado and western Kansas. This section is a dissected fluviatile plain. A fluviatile plain is a surface shaped by river activity. In the past, rivers spread gravel and sand across this area. This created a smooth surface known as a piedmont deposit. This process is different from the northern section. In the north, rivers removed material to make the land smooth. In the central section, rivers added material to bury the old landscape.

In the south, the plains include parts of Texas, Oklahoma, and New Mexico. The United States Geological Survey identifies ten different physiographic subdivisions here. These include the High Plains, the Edwards Plateau, and the Pecos Valley.

Western Kansas-High Plains Nicodemus
Western Kansas-High Plains Nicodemus

The High Plains is a subregion that includes parts of Wyoming and Nebraska. The term "Great Plains" became widely used after a 1916 study by Nevin Fenneman. Before his study, people mostly called this western area the High Plains. In Canada, the term "prairie" is much more common than "Great Plains."

Human history is deeply connected to this environment. For a long time, massive herds of American bison lived here.

BuffaloHunters
BuffaloHunters

These bison were hunted until they were nearly extinct in the late 19th century. The region is also home to the Plains Indians. Today, the plains are vital for agriculture and energy. Large farms grow crops like corn in many areas.

People also use the wind for power at wind farms.

Finally, the region relies on water from deep underground, such as the Ogallala Aquifer.

The boundaries of the plains are defined by both land and weather. The western boundary is the steep rise of the Rocky Mountains. The eastern boundary in the United States is defined by rainfall. A line near the 97th meridian marks where it becomes wetter. This rainfall line separates the dry plains from the moister prairies. In Canada, the boundary is much clearer. The presence of the Canadian Shield to the northeast defines the edge. This makes the Great Plains a massive, diverse system of land and climate.

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🖼️ Images & Media (21)
File:The continent we live on (1961) (20658440756).jpg
The continent we live on (1961) (20658440756).jpg
File:On the Great Plains, Kansas, 294 miles west of Missouri River. (redo 2016).jpg
On the Great Plains, Kansas, 294 miles...
File:Corn Fields, Iowa Farm 7-13 (15277889101).jpg
Corn Fields, Iowa Farm 7-13 (15277889101).jpg
File:Haboob Ransom Canyon Texas 2009.jpg
Haboob Ransom Canyon Texas 2009.jpg
File:Plains Bison Buffalo (14958327875).jpg
Plains Bison Buffalo (14958327875).jpg
File:MinnesotaPrairie.jpg
MinnesotaPrairie.jpg
File:Western Kansas-High Plains Nicodemus.JPG
Western Kansas-High Plains Nicodemus.JPG
File:Flickr - Nicholas T - Skewed.jpg
Flickr - Nicholas T - Skewed.jpg
File:Mt-scott.png
Mt-scott.png
File:Prairie dog Theodore Roosevelt NP ND1.jpg
Prairie dog Theodore Roosevelt NP ND1.jpg
File:Daemonelix burrows (Harrison Formation, Middle Miocene; Agate Fossil Beds National Monument, northwestern Nebraska, USA) (15545351982).jpg
Daemonelix burrows (Harrison Formation,...
File:Scotts Bluff National Monument - Nebraska (14417716146).jpg
Scotts Bluff National Monument - Nebraska...

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