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Goji

life science Maturity 5-7 Next article →

Goji berries, also known as wolfberries, are the fruit of two closely related plant species. These species are Lycium barbarum and Lycium chinense. Both plants belong to the Solanaceae family, which is commonly known as the nightshade family.

Lycium chinense(siamak sabet) (1)
Lycium chinense(siamak sabet) (1)

While the two species are very similar, they can be distinguished by their specific taste and sugar content. These berries are native to East Asia and have been used in traditional cuisine for a long time. They are also significant in traditional Chinese, Japanese, and Korean medicine.

Lycium barbarum - Wolfberries China 7-05
Lycium barbarum - Wolfberries China 7-05

Growing and processing these berries requires specific methods to ensure quality. When the berries reach maturity, they are red and oblong in shape. Because the fruit is quite tender, it must be picked carefully. Farmers often pick them by hand or shake the plants to catch the fruit in trays. This careful handling prevents the berries from spoiling immediately. Most goji berries are sold in a dried state rather than fresh.

Goji berries
Goji berries

To preserve them, farmers use full sun on open trays or use mechanical dehydration. This mechanical process uses a series of increasing heat exposures over a 48-hour period. This dehydration causes the berries to wrinkle, giving them a texture similar to raisins.

Lycium chinense MHNT
Lycium chinense MHNT

The botanical classification of these plants has a long history. The genus name Lycium was assigned by the scientist Linnaeus in 1753. The name is derived from a Greek word used by ancient figures like Pliny the Elder and Dioscorides. This Greek term originally referred to a plant called dyer's buckthorn that grew in the ancient region of Lycia in Anatolia. The common English name, wolfberry, has an unknown origin. Some believe it came from a mistaken assumption that the Latin name was related to the Greek word for wolf.

Goji dried berries
Goji dried berries

China serves as the primary global supplier of wolfberry products. In 2023, the production area for these crops was approximately 325,000 mu. This industry creates a national economy worth about 29 billion yuan, which is roughly 4.2 billion US dollars. About 61% of the commercially produced berries in China come from Lycium barbarum plantations. These are located mostly in the Ningxia region, specifically in Zhongning County. The plants there grow along the fertile floodplains of the Yellow River. Other significant cultivation areas include Gansu and the Qinghai Province.

WolfberrySeedOil
WolfberrySeedOil

In recent years, goji berries have become popular in developed countries as snack foods. You might find them in products like granola bars, juices, or powders. However, this popularity has led to significant marketing controversies. Some companies have made exaggerated or unproven claims about the health benefits of the fruit. For example, one person falsely claimed that wolfberry juice could prevent 75% of human breast cancer cases. Another unsupported story claims a man named Li Qing Yuen lived to be 256 years old by eating them.

Goji berries
Goji berries

Because of these claims, government agencies have taken action to protect consumers. In 2019 and 2020, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued warning letters to distributors. These companies were claiming the berries could treat or prevent diseases. The FDA stated that these products had not been scientifically evaluated as drugs. In Canada, a 2007 investigation by the CBC also looked into marketing claims for goji juice. In the United States, a class action lawsuit was filed against FreeLife in 2009 regarding deceptive advertising. A settlement was reached in 2010 to ensure products were not marketed as "raw" or "unheated."

Scientific research continues to study the biological properties of the fruit. The berries contain several important components, including carotenoids and vitamins. They also contain polysaccharides, which make up about 30% of the fruit pulp. Other constituents include fatty acids and peptidoglycans. Some studies suggest that consuming goji for 4 to 16 weeks might slightly affect cholesterol levels in healthy Chinese adults. However, researchers note that the evidence for these effects is often of low quality. Scientists also study the leaves, known as herba lycii, and the fruit, known as lycii fructus.

Lycium chinense MHNT
Lycium chinense MHNT
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🖼️ Images & Media (7)
File:Lycium barbarum - Wolfberries China 7-05.jpg
Lycium barbarum - Wolfberries China 7-05.jpg
File:Lycium chinense(siamak sabet) (1).jpg
Lycium chinense(siamak sabet) (1).jpg
File:Goji berries.jpg
Goji berries.jpg
File:Lycium chinense MHNT.jpg
Lycium chinense MHNT.jpg
File:WolfberrySeedOil.png
WolfberrySeedOil.png
File:Goji dried berries.jpg
Goji dried berries.jpg
File:Goji Berries.jpg
Goji Berries.jpg
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