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Ghost town

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A ghost town is an abandoned settlement that remains largely visible. These places are often called deserted cities, extinct towns, or abandoned cities. Most ghost towns still contain substantial infrastructure, such as roads and buildings.

Craco il paese fantasma
Craco il paese fantasma

The definition of a ghost town is a subject of debate among writers. Some scholars restrict the term to settlements abandoned for purely economic reasons. Others require the presence of tangible, visible remains of buildings. Some definitions even allow for a small remaining population. American author Lambert Florin described a ghost town as a "shadowy semblance of a former self."

Kolmanskop Ghost Town Buildings
Kolmanskop Ghost Town Buildings

Economic decline is a primary mechanism that leads to abandonment. This often occurs when the resource that supported the town is depleted. For example, a mining town may become a ghost town once its ore deposit is exhausted. A gold rush can cause a remote village to grow very quickly. However, the town may decline just as fast once the gold is gone. This is often called a "boomtown" cycle. In some cases, mining companies create temporary company towns. They use modular buildings to provide housing and services. Once the resource is extracted, the company may remove these structures entirely.

Other economic factors include shifts in industry or transportation. In British Columbia, Canada, several towns became ghost towns after industrial closures. Ocean Falls closed in 1973 after its pulp mill was decommissioned. Kitsault shut down in 1982 after its molybdenum mine closed. Cassiar also became a ghost town after its asbestos mine stopped operating in 1992.

Jussarö building1
Jussarö building1

Sometimes, a nearby location becomes more successful than the original town. This happened in Collingwood, Queensland. When the nearby town of Winton became a regional center for livestock, Collingwood became a ghost town by 1899.

Human intervention and changes in infrastructure also cause abandonment. When new roads or railways bypass a town, the local economy often fails. Many towns along U.S. Route 66 became ghost towns when motorists moved to faster highways like I-44 and I-40.

A363, Rhyolite, Nevada, USA, John S Cook and Company building, 2004
A363, Rhyolite, Nevada, USA, John S Cook and Company building, 2004

Changes in technology can also play a role. Steam trains required frequent stops for water or repairs. When dieselisation and electrification occurred, towns like Amboy, California, lost their purpose. Additionally, governments may expropriate land for specific uses. The village of Tyneham in England was acquired for an artillery range during World War II. In Mississippi, NASA acquired a large buffer zone for the John C. Stennis Space Center. This required the relocation of 700 families from several rural communities.

Natural and human-caused disasters can render areas uninhabitable. Volcanic eruptions can bury entire settlements in ash. Plymouth, Montserrat, is a unique example. It is the only ghost town that serves as a capital of a modern political territory. It was evacuated in 1995 after the Soufrière Hills Volcano erupted.

Plymouth Montserrat Heli
Plymouth Montserrat Heli

Environmental contamination can also force people to leave. Long-term exposure to hazardous materials like asbestos or lead can depopulate communities. Conflict and war are other major causes. The town of Akarmara in Abkhazia was abandoned due to war in the early 1990s.

Akarmaraghosttown
Akarmaraghosttown

Even the construction of dams can create ghost towns by flooding land. St. Thomas, Nevada, was submerged by up to 70 feet of water from Lake Mead. The Three Gorges Dam in China also displaced many rural people during its construction.

Ghost towns exist on every continent, including Antarctica.

Deception-Base
Deception-Base

In Africa and the Middle East, many ruins exist due to the fall of empires or shifting politics. In Asia, some settlements were deserted after the closure of Gulag labour camps. Urbanisation has emptied many villages across Europe, including parts of Bulgaria, Hungary, and Spain. The Americas contain thousands of former mining and railway towns. These are especially common in the western United States and Chile's Atacama Desert. Australia and New Zealand also have a legacy of gold rush ghost towns.

Some ghost towns have found new life through different means. Heritage tourism and pilgrimage can repopulate abandoned areas. Walhalla, Victoria, in Australia, revived after its gold mine closed. Foncebadón in Spain is recovering because of pilgrims on the road to Santiago de Compostela. Other sites have become famous filming locations or tourist attractions. Examples include Kolmanskop in Namibia, Pripyat in Ukraine, and Bodie in the United States.

Pripyat-today
Pripyat-today

These places connect us to history and show how human settlements change over time.

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🖼️ Images & Media (19)
File:Plymouth Montserrat Heli.jpg
Plymouth Montserrat Heli.jpg
File:Abandoned farmhouse, overgrown.jpg
Abandoned farmhouse, overgrown.jpg
File:Famagusta-Varosha 2007.JPG
Famagusta-Varosha 2007.JPG
File:Akarmaraghosttown.jpg
Akarmaraghosttown.jpg
File:Aghdam_6.jpg
Aghdam_6.jpg
File:Craco il paese fantasma.jpg
Craco il paese fantasma.jpg
File:Pripyat-today.jpg
Pripyat-today.jpg
File:Rerik-West-September-2014.jpg
Rerik-West-September-2014.jpg
File:Kolmanskop Ghost Town Buildings.jpg
Kolmanskop Ghost Town Buildings.jpg
File:Chenggong, Kunming, Yunnan province.jpg
Chenggong, Kunming, Yunnan province.jpg
File:Oradour-sur-Glane-Streets-1294.jpg
Oradour-sur-Glane-Streets-1294.jpg
File:Jussarö building1.jpg
Jussarö building1.jpg

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