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Gannet

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Gannets are large seabirds belonging to the genus Morus. They are members of the family Sulidae and are closely related to boobies.

Gannet up close
Gannet up close

These birds are known for their striking appearance. They have large white bodies and yellowish heads. Their wings are tipped with black, and they possess long bills. The name "gannet" comes from an Old English word meaning "gander." In Scotland, they are often called the "solan" or "solan goose." This is different from the Gaelic word "guga," which refers only to their chicks.

Gannet, Bempton Cliffs, Yorkshire (geograph 4621592)
Gannet, Bempton Cliffs, Yorkshire (geograph 4621592)

To catch food, gannets use a specialized hunting method involving high-speed dives. They hunt fish by diving into the sea from great heights. During these strikes, they can reach speeds of 100 kilometers per hour. This speed allows them to catch fish at much greater depths than most other birds. They have several physical adaptations to survive these intense impacts. For example, they have no external nostrils on their faces. Instead, their nostrils are located inside their mouths. They also have air sacs located in the face and chest under the skin. These sacs act like bubble wrap to cushion the impact with the water. Furthermore, their eyes are positioned far forward on their faces. This provides binocular vision, which helps them judge distances accurately before they strike.

There are three main species of gannet. The Northern gannet is the largest seabird in the North Atlantic. It can have a wingspan of up to 2 meters. The other two species live in the temperate seas around southern Africa, southern Australia, and New Zealand. While they are all related, scientists categorize them into different groups. Most gannets are placed in the genus Morus. However, Abbott's booby is placed in the genus Papasula. Other boobies belong to the genus Sula. Some authorities believe all nine sulid species should be grouped together in Sula. The name "Morus" comes from an Ancient Greek word meaning "stupid" or "foolish." This name was given because breeding gannets often show a lack of fear. This lack of fear can make them easy to kill.

Gannet4
Gannet4

Gannets are colonial breeders, meaning they live and nest in large groups on coasts and islands. They typically lay only one chalky-blue egg per nesting attempt. Unlike many birds, gannets lack brood patches to keep eggs warm. Instead, they use their webbed feet to provide warmth to the eggs. It takes about five years for a gannet to reach maturity. Their appearance changes as they grow. First-year birds are completely black. As they become subadults, they develop increasing amounts of white feathers.

Gannet feeding chick in main colony
Gannet feeding chick in main colony

Northern gannets have a very specific distribution across the globe. The United Kingdom is the most important nesting ground for this species. About two-thirds of the entire world's Northern gannet population lives in the UK. Much of this population is found in Scotland, including the Shetland Isles. The largest single colony is located on Scotland's Bass Rock in the Firth of Forth. In 2014, this colony held approximately 75,000 pairs of birds. Other significant breeding sites include Ireland, Canada, the Faroe Islands, and Iceland. Small numbers also exist in France, Norway, and Germany.

CapeStMarysBirdRock23
CapeStMarysBirdRock23
Gannet feeding chick in main colony
Gannet feeding chick in main colony

The history of the gannet can be seen in the fossil record. Most fossil gannets come from the Late Miocene or Pliocene periods. During these times, there was much higher diversity among seabirds. Some prehistoric gannet species had a more equatorial distribution. Today, gannets are mostly restricted to temperate oceans. Scientists have identified many fossil species, such as Morus loxostylus and Morus magnus. The reasons for the decline in species at the end of the Pleistocene are not fully known. Some believe increased competition from spreading marine mammals may have played a role. The genus Morus is better documented in fossils than the genus Sula.

Gannets have also left a mark on human culture. Because of their ability to eat large amounts of fish, the word "gannet" is used to describe people with voracious appetites. In Scotland, there is a tradition of hunting gannet chicks called "guga." This practice in Ness dates back at least to the Iron Age. While it is a subject of controversy, the hunt is currently limited to 2,000 chicks per year. Supporters say it is sustainable, noting that Scottish gannet numbers rose from 30,000 to 180,000 between 1902 and 2003. The bird has even appeared in comedy, such as Monty Python sketches, where characters expressed dislike for their long beaks or nesting habits.

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🖼️ Images & Media (5)
File:Gannet up close.jpg
Gannet up close.jpg
File:Gannet, Bempton Cliffs, Yorkshire (geograph 4621592).jpg
Gannet, Bempton Cliffs, Yorkshire...
File:Gannet4.jpg
Gannet4.jpg
File:Gannet_feeding_chick_in_main_colony.jpg
Gannet_feeding_chick_in_main_colony.jpg
File:CapeStMarysBirdRock23.jpg
CapeStMarysBirdRock23.jpg
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