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Free content, often called libre content or free information, refers to creative works with minimal legal restrictions.

Cc.logo.circle
Cc.logo.circle

These works include art, books, software, and many other forms of expression. They allow anyone to study, apply, copy, and modify them for various purposes. This often includes commercial purposes, where the work is used to make money. Free content includes everything in the public domain and copyrighted works with specific licenses. These licenses uphold the definition of free cultural work.

To understand free content, one must first understand copyright.

Copyright
Copyright

Copyright is a legal concept that gives creators control over their work. It governs how others can duplicate or publicly perform a creation. In most countries, the Berne Convention grants this control to authors by default. Copyright laws attempt to balance the rights of creators with the rights of others. This balance allows others to build upon existing works through fair use. Without explicit permission, copyright limits who can copy or modify an author's work.

Authors can choose to make their work free by using a free license.

Discussing Creative Commons licensing in Khmer
Discussing Creative Commons licensing in Khmer

These are also called open licenses or free distribution licenses. An author grants the right to reuse a work through these specific legal statements. Authors can attach obligations to these freedoms, such as requiring a citation. They can also include restrictions, like banning commercial use or certain media types. Standardized licenses allow authors to choose exactly which rights they want to authorize or forbid.

There are several distinct ways a work can be shared freely. The public domain consists of works where copyright has expired or never existed.

Anyone can manipulate or distribute public domain works without legal consequences. Another method is called copyleft, which is a play on the word copyright.

Copyleft
Copyleft

Copyleft uses the legal framework of copyright to remove restrictions on sharing. Unlike the public domain, the author still maintains copyright over the material. However, they grant a non-exclusive license to others to distribute and modify it. Copyleft licenses require that any derivative works use the same terms.

Free content is vital across many different fields of human activity. In the world of software, it is often called open-source or free software.

Open Source Initiative
Open Source Initiative

This model allows small groups to collaborate on complex projects easily. It increases modularity, which means different parts of a project can be worked on separately. In engineering, free content principles are applied through open design.

Open Source Hardware Association logo
Open Source Hardware Association logo

This allows designs to be shared and duplicated to reduce development costs. People can even use digital blueprints to manufacture or repair physical devices.

Academic research is also moving toward more open models. Most academic works are not free, but the percentage of open access works is growing.

Open Access logo PLoS white
Open Access logo PLoS white

Open access refers to research outputs that are free to access online. These works have few or no restrictions on how they are used. Some publishers, such as PLOS and BioMed Central, specialize in this type of publishing. This is currently more common in the sciences than in the humanities. Open access helps researchers expand their audience and increase their impact.

Large institutions are now mandating the use of open access. For example, the European Union began mandating open access in 2020.

Global Open Educational Resources Logo
Global Open Educational Resources Logo

The United States National Institutes of Health and Research Councils UK have also implemented mandates. Some universities, like the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, adopt open access by default. These mandates may sometimes involve delayed publication or specific fees for researchers. Using open access can reduce the high costs universities pay for traditional journal subscriptions.

Technology has fundamentally changed how free content is shared. Before modern computing, distributing large amounts of material was very expensive. Today, the internet allows for the rapid dissemination of digital files. This ease of sharing has made projects involving free literature and multimedia more prominent. It also allows for peer-to-peer distribution methods in software. These methods can reduce infrastructure costs for developers and make software highly scalable. As more consumers use the software, the distribution becomes more efficient.

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🖼️ Images & Media (11)
File:Discussing Creative Commons licensing in Khmer.jpg
Discussing Creative Commons licensing in Khmer.jpg
File:Copyright.svg
Copyright.svg
File:Copyleft.svg
Copyleft.svg
File:Cc.logo.circle.svg
Cc.logo.circle.svg
File:Open Source Initiative.svg
Open Source Initiative.svg
File:FSF-Logo part.svg
FSF-Logo part.svg
File:Open Source Hardware Association logo.svg
Open Source Hardware Association logo.svg
File:Open Access logo PLoS white.svg
Open Access logo PLoS white.svg
File:Global Open Educational Resources Logo.svg
Global Open Educational Resources Logo.svg
File:Open content norm.svg
Open content norm.svg
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OK LOGO COLOUR RGB.svg
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